Homework2
Rong Ma
Oct 1st 2015
library(ggplot2)
library(plyr)
library(dplyr)##
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
##
## The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':
##
## arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,
## summarize
##
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
##
## filter, lag
##
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
##
## intersect, setdiff, setequal, uniongm = read.delim('http://www.stat.ubc.ca/~jenny/notOcto/STAT545A/examples/gapminder/data/gapminderDataFiveYear.txt')Get the maximum and minimum of GPD per capita for all continents
by_continent = group_by(gm, continent, add = FALSE)
extreme.gdp = summarise(by_continent,
maxGDP = max(gdpPercap, na.rm = TRUE),
country.maxGDP = country[which.max(gdpPercap)],
year.maxGDP = year[which.max(gdpPercap)],
minGDP = min(gdpPercap, na.rm = TRUE),
country.minGDP = country[which.min(gdpPercap)],
year.minGDP = year[which.min(gdpPercap)])
knitr::kable(extreme.gdp)| continent | maxGDP | country.maxGDP | year.maxGDP | minGDP | country.minGDP | year.minGDP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa | 21951.21 | Libya | 1977 | 241.1659 | Congo, Dem. Rep. | 2002 |
| Americas | 42951.65 | United States | 2007 | 1201.6372 | Haiti | 2007 |
| Asia | 113523.13 | Kuwait | 1957 | 331.0000 | Myanmar | 1952 |
| Europe | 49357.19 | Norway | 2007 | 973.5332 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1952 |
| Oceania | 34435.37 | Australia | 2007 | 10039.5956 | Australia | 1952 |
The above table shows the maximum and the minimum GDP per capita for each continent, with their corresponding country name and the year it happens. For example, the minimum of GDP per capita within Africa from 1952 to 2007 in increments of 5 years (so there will be 12 observations within each country) is 241.1659, which is in Congo, in 2002; the maximum of GDP per capita within Asia during from 1952 to 2007 with increments of 5 years is 113523.1, which is in Kuwait, in 1957.
p = ggplot(gm, aes(x=gdpPercap, y=country))
p+geom_point(aes(colour = continent))
p = ggplot(by_continent, aes(x=gdpPercap,y=continent))
p+geom_point(aes(colour = continent))
By looking at the plots drawn by package ggplot2, we can see that in the first plot, where the scatter plot of the variable “gdpPercap” is drawn in relation to the variable “country”, due to the large number of countries, the name of each country is not discernible. In the second plot, where the scatter plot of the variable “gdpPercap” is drawn in relation to the variable “continent”, both the maximum points for all continent are discernible, and we can extract further information that the country attained the maximum GDP per capita around all continents from 1952 to 2007 is in Asia, whereas the minimum points for all continents are not quite discernible due to the heavy tail.
Look at the spread of GDP per capita within the continents
To look at the spread of GDP per capita within the continents, we first use filter() from dplyr to obtain data.frames including observations from the same continent.
data.africa = filter(gm, continent == "Africa")
data.asia = filter(gm, continent == "Asia")
data.europe = filter(gm, continent == "Europe")
data.americas = filter(gm, continent == "Americas")
data.oceania = filter(gm, continent == "Oceania")We can look at the data.africa as an example of how filter works here.
data.africa## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1 Algeria 1952 9279525 Africa 43.077 2449.0082
## 2 Algeria 1957 10270856 Africa 45.685 3013.9760
## 3 Algeria 1962 11000948 Africa 48.303 2550.8169
## 4 Algeria 1967 12760499 Africa 51.407 3246.9918
## 5 Algeria 1972 14760787 Africa 54.518 4182.6638
## 6 Algeria 1977 17152804 Africa 58.014 4910.4168
## 7 Algeria 1982 20033753 Africa 61.368 5745.1602
## 8 Algeria 1987 23254956 Africa 65.799 5681.3585
## 9 Algeria 1992 26298373 Africa 67.744 5023.2166
## 10 Algeria 1997 29072015 Africa 69.152 4797.2951
## 11 Algeria 2002 31287142 Africa 70.994 5288.0404
## 12 Algeria 2007 33333216 Africa 72.301 6223.3675
## 13 Angola 1952 4232095 Africa 30.015 3520.6103
## 14 Angola 1957 4561361 Africa 31.999 3827.9405
## 15 Angola 1962 4826015 Africa 34.000 4269.2767
## 16 Angola 1967 5247469 Africa 35.985 5522.7764
## 17 Angola 1972 5894858 Africa 37.928 5473.2880
## 18 Angola 1977 6162675 Africa 39.483 3008.6474
## 19 Angola 1982 7016384 Africa 39.942 2756.9537
## 20 Angola 1987 7874230 Africa 39.906 2430.2083
## 21 Angola 1992 8735988 Africa 40.647 2627.8457
## 22 Angola 1997 9875024 Africa 40.963 2277.1409
## 23 Angola 2002 10866106 Africa 41.003 2773.2873
## 24 Angola 2007 12420476 Africa 42.731 4797.2313
## 25 Benin 1952 1738315 Africa 38.223 1062.7522
## 26 Benin 1957 1925173 Africa 40.358 959.6011
## 27 Benin 1962 2151895 Africa 42.618 949.4991
## 28 Benin 1967 2427334 Africa 44.885 1035.8314
## 29 Benin 1972 2761407 Africa 47.014 1085.7969
## 30 Benin 1977 3168267 Africa 49.190 1029.1613
## 31 Benin 1982 3641603 Africa 50.904 1277.8976
## 32 Benin 1987 4243788 Africa 52.337 1225.8560
## 33 Benin 1992 4981671 Africa 53.919 1191.2077
## 34 Benin 1997 6066080 Africa 54.777 1232.9753
## 35 Benin 2002 7026113 Africa 54.406 1372.8779
## 36 Benin 2007 8078314 Africa 56.728 1441.2849
## 37 Botswana 1952 442308 Africa 47.622 851.2411
## 38 Botswana 1957 474639 Africa 49.618 918.2325
## 39 Botswana 1962 512764 Africa 51.520 983.6540
## 40 Botswana 1967 553541 Africa 53.298 1214.7093
## 41 Botswana 1972 619351 Africa 56.024 2263.6111
## 42 Botswana 1977 781472 Africa 59.319 3214.8578
## 43 Botswana 1982 970347 Africa 61.484 4551.1421
## 44 Botswana 1987 1151184 Africa 63.622 6205.8839
## 45 Botswana 1992 1342614 Africa 62.745 7954.1116
## 46 Botswana 1997 1536536 Africa 52.556 8647.1423
## 47 Botswana 2002 1630347 Africa 46.634 11003.6051
## 48 Botswana 2007 1639131 Africa 50.728 12569.8518
## 49 Burkina Faso 1952 4469979 Africa 31.975 543.2552
## 50 Burkina Faso 1957 4713416 Africa 34.906 617.1835
## 51 Burkina Faso 1962 4919632 Africa 37.814 722.5120
## 52 Burkina Faso 1967 5127935 Africa 40.697 794.8266
## 53 Burkina Faso 1972 5433886 Africa 43.591 854.7360
## 54 Burkina Faso 1977 5889574 Africa 46.137 743.3870
## 55 Burkina Faso 1982 6634596 Africa 48.122 807.1986
## 56 Burkina Faso 1987 7586551 Africa 49.557 912.0631
## 57 Burkina Faso 1992 8878303 Africa 50.260 931.7528
## 58 Burkina Faso 1997 10352843 Africa 50.324 946.2950
## 59 Burkina Faso 2002 12251209 Africa 50.650 1037.6452
## 60 Burkina Faso 2007 14326203 Africa 52.295 1217.0330
## 61 Burundi 1952 2445618 Africa 39.031 339.2965
## 62 Burundi 1957 2667518 Africa 40.533 379.5646
## 63 Burundi 1962 2961915 Africa 42.045 355.2032
## 64 Burundi 1967 3330989 Africa 43.548 412.9775
## 65 Burundi 1972 3529983 Africa 44.057 464.0995
## 66 Burundi 1977 3834415 Africa 45.910 556.1033
## 67 Burundi 1982 4580410 Africa 47.471 559.6032
## 68 Burundi 1987 5126023 Africa 48.211 621.8188
## 69 Burundi 1992 5809236 Africa 44.736 631.6999
## 70 Burundi 1997 6121610 Africa 45.326 463.1151
## 71 Burundi 2002 7021078 Africa 47.360 446.4035
## 72 Burundi 2007 8390505 Africa 49.580 430.0707
## 73 Cameroon 1952 5009067 Africa 38.523 1172.6677
## 74 Cameroon 1957 5359923 Africa 40.428 1313.0481
## 75 Cameroon 1962 5793633 Africa 42.643 1399.6074
## 76 Cameroon 1967 6335506 Africa 44.799 1508.4531
## 77 Cameroon 1972 7021028 Africa 47.049 1684.1465
## 78 Cameroon 1977 7959865 Africa 49.355 1783.4329
## 79 Cameroon 1982 9250831 Africa 52.961 2367.9833
## 80 Cameroon 1987 10780667 Africa 54.985 2602.6642
## 81 Cameroon 1992 12467171 Africa 54.314 1793.1633
## 82 Cameroon 1997 14195809 Africa 52.199 1694.3375
## 83 Cameroon 2002 15929988 Africa 49.856 1934.0114
## 84 Cameroon 2007 17696293 Africa 50.430 2042.0952
## 85 Central African Republic 1952 1291695 Africa 35.463 1071.3107
## 86 Central African Republic 1957 1392284 Africa 37.464 1190.8443
## 87 Central African Republic 1962 1523478 Africa 39.475 1193.0688
## 88 Central African Republic 1967 1733638 Africa 41.478 1136.0566
## 89 Central African Republic 1972 1927260 Africa 43.457 1070.0133
## 90 Central African Republic 1977 2167533 Africa 46.775 1109.3743
## 91 Central African Republic 1982 2476971 Africa 48.295 956.7530
## 92 Central African Republic 1987 2840009 Africa 50.485 844.8764
## 93 Central African Republic 1992 3265124 Africa 49.396 747.9055
## 94 Central African Republic 1997 3696513 Africa 46.066 740.5063
## 95 Central African Republic 2002 4048013 Africa 43.308 738.6906
## 96 Central African Republic 2007 4369038 Africa 44.741 706.0165
## 97 Chad 1952 2682462 Africa 38.092 1178.6659
## 98 Chad 1957 2894855 Africa 39.881 1308.4956
## 99 Chad 1962 3150417 Africa 41.716 1389.8176
## 100 Chad 1967 3495967 Africa 43.601 1196.8106
## 101 Chad 1972 3899068 Africa 45.569 1104.1040
## 102 Chad 1977 4388260 Africa 47.383 1133.9850
## 103 Chad 1982 4875118 Africa 49.517 797.9081
## 104 Chad 1987 5498955 Africa 51.051 952.3861
## 105 Chad 1992 6429417 Africa 51.724 1058.0643
## 106 Chad 1997 7562011 Africa 51.573 1004.9614
## 107 Chad 2002 8835739 Africa 50.525 1156.1819
## 108 Chad 2007 10238807 Africa 50.651 1704.0637
## 109 Comoros 1952 153936 Africa 40.715 1102.9909
## 110 Comoros 1957 170928 Africa 42.460 1211.1485
## 111 Comoros 1962 191689 Africa 44.467 1406.6483
## 112 Comoros 1967 217378 Africa 46.472 1876.0296
## 113 Comoros 1972 250027 Africa 48.944 1937.5777
## 114 Comoros 1977 304739 Africa 50.939 1172.6030
## 115 Comoros 1982 348643 Africa 52.933 1267.1001
## 116 Comoros 1987 395114 Africa 54.926 1315.9808
## 117 Comoros 1992 454429 Africa 57.939 1246.9074
## 118 Comoros 1997 527982 Africa 60.660 1173.6182
## 119 Comoros 2002 614382 Africa 62.974 1075.8116
## 120 Comoros 2007 710960 Africa 65.152 986.1479
## 121 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1952 14100005 Africa 39.143 780.5423
## 122 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1957 15577932 Africa 40.652 905.8602
## 123 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1962 17486434 Africa 42.122 896.3146
## 124 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1967 19941073 Africa 44.056 861.5932
## 125 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1972 23007669 Africa 45.989 904.8961
## 126 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1977 26480870 Africa 47.804 795.7573
## 127 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1982 30646495 Africa 47.784 673.7478
## 128 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1987 35481645 Africa 47.412 672.7748
## 129 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1992 41672143 Africa 45.548 457.7192
## 130 Congo, Dem. Rep. 1997 47798986 Africa 42.587 312.1884
## 131 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2002 55379852 Africa 44.966 241.1659
## 132 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2007 64606759 Africa 46.462 277.5519
## 133 Congo, Rep. 1952 854885 Africa 42.111 2125.6214
## 134 Congo, Rep. 1957 940458 Africa 45.053 2315.0566
## 135 Congo, Rep. 1962 1047924 Africa 48.435 2464.7832
## 136 Congo, Rep. 1967 1179760 Africa 52.040 2677.9396
## 137 Congo, Rep. 1972 1340458 Africa 54.907 3213.1527
## 138 Congo, Rep. 1977 1536769 Africa 55.625 3259.1790
## 139 Congo, Rep. 1982 1774735 Africa 56.695 4879.5075
## 140 Congo, Rep. 1987 2064095 Africa 57.470 4201.1949
## 141 Congo, Rep. 1992 2409073 Africa 56.433 4016.2395
## 142 Congo, Rep. 1997 2800947 Africa 52.962 3484.1644
## 143 Congo, Rep. 2002 3328795 Africa 52.970 3484.0620
## 144 Congo, Rep. 2007 3800610 Africa 55.322 3632.5578
## 145 Cote d'Ivoire 1952 2977019 Africa 40.477 1388.5947
## 146 Cote d'Ivoire 1957 3300000 Africa 42.469 1500.8959
## 147 Cote d'Ivoire 1962 3832408 Africa 44.930 1728.8694
## 148 Cote d'Ivoire 1967 4744870 Africa 47.350 2052.0505
## 149 Cote d'Ivoire 1972 6071696 Africa 49.801 2378.2011
## 150 Cote d'Ivoire 1977 7459574 Africa 52.374 2517.7365
## 151 Cote d'Ivoire 1982 9025951 Africa 53.983 2602.7102
## 152 Cote d'Ivoire 1987 10761098 Africa 54.655 2156.9561
## 153 Cote d'Ivoire 1992 12772596 Africa 52.044 1648.0738
## 154 Cote d'Ivoire 1997 14625967 Africa 47.991 1786.2654
## 155 Cote d'Ivoire 2002 16252726 Africa 46.832 1648.8008
## 156 Cote d'Ivoire 2007 18013409 Africa 48.328 1544.7501
## 157 Djibouti 1952 63149 Africa 34.812 2669.5295
## 158 Djibouti 1957 71851 Africa 37.328 2864.9691
## 159 Djibouti 1962 89898 Africa 39.693 3020.9893
## 160 Djibouti 1967 127617 Africa 42.074 3020.0505
## 161 Djibouti 1972 178848 Africa 44.366 3694.2124
## 162 Djibouti 1977 228694 Africa 46.519 3081.7610
## 163 Djibouti 1982 305991 Africa 48.812 2879.4681
## 164 Djibouti 1987 311025 Africa 50.040 2880.1026
## 165 Djibouti 1992 384156 Africa 51.604 2377.1562
## 166 Djibouti 1997 417908 Africa 53.157 1895.0170
## 167 Djibouti 2002 447416 Africa 53.373 1908.2609
## 168 Djibouti 2007 496374 Africa 54.791 2082.4816
## 169 Egypt 1952 22223309 Africa 41.893 1418.8224
## 170 Egypt 1957 25009741 Africa 44.444 1458.9153
## 171 Egypt 1962 28173309 Africa 46.992 1693.3359
## 172 Egypt 1967 31681188 Africa 49.293 1814.8807
## 173 Egypt 1972 34807417 Africa 51.137 2024.0081
## 174 Egypt 1977 38783863 Africa 53.319 2785.4936
## 175 Egypt 1982 45681811 Africa 56.006 3503.7296
## 176 Egypt 1987 52799062 Africa 59.797 3885.4607
## 177 Egypt 1992 59402198 Africa 63.674 3794.7552
## 178 Egypt 1997 66134291 Africa 67.217 4173.1818
## 179 Egypt 2002 73312559 Africa 69.806 4754.6044
## 180 Egypt 2007 80264543 Africa 71.338 5581.1810
## 181 Equatorial Guinea 1952 216964 Africa 34.482 375.6431
## 182 Equatorial Guinea 1957 232922 Africa 35.983 426.0964
## 183 Equatorial Guinea 1962 249220 Africa 37.485 582.8420
## 184 Equatorial Guinea 1967 259864 Africa 38.987 915.5960
## 185 Equatorial Guinea 1972 277603 Africa 40.516 672.4123
## 186 Equatorial Guinea 1977 192675 Africa 42.024 958.5668
## 187 Equatorial Guinea 1982 285483 Africa 43.662 927.8253
## 188 Equatorial Guinea 1987 341244 Africa 45.664 966.8968
## 189 Equatorial Guinea 1992 387838 Africa 47.545 1132.0550
## 190 Equatorial Guinea 1997 439971 Africa 48.245 2814.4808
## 191 Equatorial Guinea 2002 495627 Africa 49.348 7703.4959
## 192 Equatorial Guinea 2007 551201 Africa 51.579 12154.0897
## 193 Eritrea 1952 1438760 Africa 35.928 328.9406
## 194 Eritrea 1957 1542611 Africa 38.047 344.1619
## 195 Eritrea 1962 1666618 Africa 40.158 380.9958
## 196 Eritrea 1967 1820319 Africa 42.189 468.7950
## 197 Eritrea 1972 2260187 Africa 44.142 514.3242
## 198 Eritrea 1977 2512642 Africa 44.535 505.7538
## 199 Eritrea 1982 2637297 Africa 43.890 524.8758
## 200 Eritrea 1987 2915959 Africa 46.453 521.1341
## 201 Eritrea 1992 3668440 Africa 49.991 582.8585
## 202 Eritrea 1997 4058319 Africa 53.378 913.4708
## 203 Eritrea 2002 4414865 Africa 55.240 765.3500
## 204 Eritrea 2007 4906585 Africa 58.040 641.3695
## 205 Ethiopia 1952 20860941 Africa 34.078 362.1463
## 206 Ethiopia 1957 22815614 Africa 36.667 378.9042
## 207 Ethiopia 1962 25145372 Africa 40.059 419.4564
## 208 Ethiopia 1967 27860297 Africa 42.115 516.1186
## 209 Ethiopia 1972 30770372 Africa 43.515 566.2439
## 210 Ethiopia 1977 34617799 Africa 44.510 556.8084
## 211 Ethiopia 1982 38111756 Africa 44.916 577.8607
## 212 Ethiopia 1987 42999530 Africa 46.684 573.7413
## 213 Ethiopia 1992 52088559 Africa 48.091 421.3535
## 214 Ethiopia 1997 59861301 Africa 49.402 515.8894
## 215 Ethiopia 2002 67946797 Africa 50.725 530.0535
## 216 Ethiopia 2007 76511887 Africa 52.947 690.8056
## 217 Gabon 1952 420702 Africa 37.003 4293.4765
## 218 Gabon 1957 434904 Africa 38.999 4976.1981
## 219 Gabon 1962 455661 Africa 40.489 6631.4592
## 220 Gabon 1967 489004 Africa 44.598 8358.7620
## 221 Gabon 1972 537977 Africa 48.690 11401.9484
## 222 Gabon 1977 706367 Africa 52.790 21745.5733
## 223 Gabon 1982 753874 Africa 56.564 15113.3619
## 224 Gabon 1987 880397 Africa 60.190 11864.4084
## 225 Gabon 1992 985739 Africa 61.366 13522.1575
## 226 Gabon 1997 1126189 Africa 60.461 14722.8419
## 227 Gabon 2002 1299304 Africa 56.761 12521.7139
## 228 Gabon 2007 1454867 Africa 56.735 13206.4845
## 229 Gambia 1952 284320 Africa 30.000 485.2307
## 230 Gambia 1957 323150 Africa 32.065 520.9267
## 231 Gambia 1962 374020 Africa 33.896 599.6503
## 232 Gambia 1967 439593 Africa 35.857 734.7829
## 233 Gambia 1972 517101 Africa 38.308 756.0868
## 234 Gambia 1977 608274 Africa 41.842 884.7553
## 235 Gambia 1982 715523 Africa 45.580 835.8096
## 236 Gambia 1987 848406 Africa 49.265 611.6589
## 237 Gambia 1992 1025384 Africa 52.644 665.6244
## 238 Gambia 1997 1235767 Africa 55.861 653.7302
## 239 Gambia 2002 1457766 Africa 58.041 660.5856
## 240 Gambia 2007 1688359 Africa 59.448 752.7497
## 241 Ghana 1952 5581001 Africa 43.149 911.2989
## 242 Ghana 1957 6391288 Africa 44.779 1043.5615
## 243 Ghana 1962 7355248 Africa 46.452 1190.0411
## 244 Ghana 1967 8490213 Africa 48.072 1125.6972
## 245 Ghana 1972 9354120 Africa 49.875 1178.2237
## 246 Ghana 1977 10538093 Africa 51.756 993.2240
## 247 Ghana 1982 11400338 Africa 53.744 876.0326
## 248 Ghana 1987 14168101 Africa 55.729 847.0061
## 249 Ghana 1992 16278738 Africa 57.501 925.0602
## 250 Ghana 1997 18418288 Africa 58.556 1005.2458
## 251 Ghana 2002 20550751 Africa 58.453 1111.9846
## 252 Ghana 2007 22873338 Africa 60.022 1327.6089
## 253 Guinea 1952 2664249 Africa 33.609 510.1965
## 254 Guinea 1957 2876726 Africa 34.558 576.2670
## 255 Guinea 1962 3140003 Africa 35.753 686.3737
## 256 Guinea 1967 3451418 Africa 37.197 708.7595
## 257 Guinea 1972 3811387 Africa 38.842 741.6662
## 258 Guinea 1977 4227026 Africa 40.762 874.6859
## 259 Guinea 1982 4710497 Africa 42.891 857.2504
## 260 Guinea 1987 5650262 Africa 45.552 805.5725
## 261 Guinea 1992 6990574 Africa 48.576 794.3484
## 262 Guinea 1997 8048834 Africa 51.455 869.4498
## 263 Guinea 2002 8807818 Africa 53.676 945.5836
## 264 Guinea 2007 9947814 Africa 56.007 942.6542
## 265 Guinea-Bissau 1952 580653 Africa 32.500 299.8503
## 266 Guinea-Bissau 1957 601095 Africa 33.489 431.7905
## 267 Guinea-Bissau 1962 627820 Africa 34.488 522.0344
## 268 Guinea-Bissau 1967 601287 Africa 35.492 715.5806
## 269 Guinea-Bissau 1972 625361 Africa 36.486 820.2246
## 270 Guinea-Bissau 1977 745228 Africa 37.465 764.7260
## 271 Guinea-Bissau 1982 825987 Africa 39.327 838.1240
## 272 Guinea-Bissau 1987 927524 Africa 41.245 736.4154
## 273 Guinea-Bissau 1992 1050938 Africa 43.266 745.5399
## 274 Guinea-Bissau 1997 1193708 Africa 44.873 796.6645
## 275 Guinea-Bissau 2002 1332459 Africa 45.504 575.7047
## 276 Guinea-Bissau 2007 1472041 Africa 46.388 579.2317
## 277 Kenya 1952 6464046 Africa 42.270 853.5409
## 278 Kenya 1957 7454779 Africa 44.686 944.4383
## 279 Kenya 1962 8678557 Africa 47.949 896.9664
## 280 Kenya 1967 10191512 Africa 50.654 1056.7365
## 281 Kenya 1972 12044785 Africa 53.559 1222.3600
## 282 Kenya 1977 14500404 Africa 56.155 1267.6132
## 283 Kenya 1982 17661452 Africa 58.766 1348.2258
## 284 Kenya 1987 21198082 Africa 59.339 1361.9369
## 285 Kenya 1992 25020539 Africa 59.285 1341.9217
## 286 Kenya 1997 28263827 Africa 54.407 1360.4850
## 287 Kenya 2002 31386842 Africa 50.992 1287.5147
## 288 Kenya 2007 35610177 Africa 54.110 1463.2493
## 289 Lesotho 1952 748747 Africa 42.138 298.8462
## 290 Lesotho 1957 813338 Africa 45.047 335.9971
## 291 Lesotho 1962 893143 Africa 47.747 411.8006
## 292 Lesotho 1967 996380 Africa 48.492 498.6390
## 293 Lesotho 1972 1116779 Africa 49.767 496.5816
## 294 Lesotho 1977 1251524 Africa 52.208 745.3695
## 295 Lesotho 1982 1411807 Africa 55.078 797.2631
## 296 Lesotho 1987 1599200 Africa 57.180 773.9932
## 297 Lesotho 1992 1803195 Africa 59.685 977.4863
## 298 Lesotho 1997 1982823 Africa 55.558 1186.1480
## 299 Lesotho 2002 2046772 Africa 44.593 1275.1846
## 300 Lesotho 2007 2012649 Africa 42.592 1569.3314
## 301 Liberia 1952 863308 Africa 38.480 575.5730
## 302 Liberia 1957 975950 Africa 39.486 620.9700
## 303 Liberia 1962 1112796 Africa 40.502 634.1952
## 304 Liberia 1967 1279406 Africa 41.536 713.6036
## 305 Liberia 1972 1482628 Africa 42.614 803.0055
## 306 Liberia 1977 1703617 Africa 43.764 640.3224
## 307 Liberia 1982 1956875 Africa 44.852 572.1996
## 308 Liberia 1987 2269414 Africa 46.027 506.1139
## 309 Liberia 1992 1912974 Africa 40.802 636.6229
## 310 Liberia 1997 2200725 Africa 42.221 609.1740
## 311 Liberia 2002 2814651 Africa 43.753 531.4824
## 312 Liberia 2007 3193942 Africa 45.678 414.5073
## 313 Libya 1952 1019729 Africa 42.723 2387.5481
## 314 Libya 1957 1201578 Africa 45.289 3448.2844
## 315 Libya 1962 1441863 Africa 47.808 6757.0308
## 316 Libya 1967 1759224 Africa 50.227 18772.7517
## 317 Libya 1972 2183877 Africa 52.773 21011.4972
## 318 Libya 1977 2721783 Africa 57.442 21951.2118
## 319 Libya 1982 3344074 Africa 62.155 17364.2754
## 320 Libya 1987 3799845 Africa 66.234 11770.5898
## 321 Libya 1992 4364501 Africa 68.755 9640.1385
## 322 Libya 1997 4759670 Africa 71.555 9467.4461
## 323 Libya 2002 5368585 Africa 72.737 9534.6775
## 324 Libya 2007 6036914 Africa 73.952 12057.4993
## 325 Madagascar 1952 4762912 Africa 36.681 1443.0117
## 326 Madagascar 1957 5181679 Africa 38.865 1589.2027
## 327 Madagascar 1962 5703324 Africa 40.848 1643.3871
## 328 Madagascar 1967 6334556 Africa 42.881 1634.0473
## 329 Madagascar 1972 7082430 Africa 44.851 1748.5630
## 330 Madagascar 1977 8007166 Africa 46.881 1544.2286
## 331 Madagascar 1982 9171477 Africa 48.969 1302.8787
## 332 Madagascar 1987 10568642 Africa 49.350 1155.4419
## 333 Madagascar 1992 12210395 Africa 52.214 1040.6762
## 334 Madagascar 1997 14165114 Africa 54.978 986.2959
## 335 Madagascar 2002 16473477 Africa 57.286 894.6371
## 336 Madagascar 2007 19167654 Africa 59.443 1044.7701
## 337 Malawi 1952 2917802 Africa 36.256 369.1651
## 338 Malawi 1957 3221238 Africa 37.207 416.3698
## 339 Malawi 1962 3628608 Africa 38.410 427.9011
## 340 Malawi 1967 4147252 Africa 39.487 495.5148
## 341 Malawi 1972 4730997 Africa 41.766 584.6220
## 342 Malawi 1977 5637246 Africa 43.767 663.2237
## 343 Malawi 1982 6502825 Africa 45.642 632.8039
## 344 Malawi 1987 7824747 Africa 47.457 635.5174
## 345 Malawi 1992 10014249 Africa 49.420 563.2000
## 346 Malawi 1997 10419991 Africa 47.495 692.2758
## 347 Malawi 2002 11824495 Africa 45.009 665.4231
## 348 Malawi 2007 13327079 Africa 48.303 759.3499
## 349 Mali 1952 3838168 Africa 33.685 452.3370
## 350 Mali 1957 4241884 Africa 35.307 490.3822
## 351 Mali 1962 4690372 Africa 36.936 496.1743
## 352 Mali 1967 5212416 Africa 38.487 545.0099
## 353 Mali 1972 5828158 Africa 39.977 581.3689
## 354 Mali 1977 6491649 Africa 41.714 686.3953
## 355 Mali 1982 6998256 Africa 43.916 618.0141
## 356 Mali 1987 7634008 Africa 46.364 684.1716
## 357 Mali 1992 8416215 Africa 48.388 739.0144
## 358 Mali 1997 9384984 Africa 49.903 790.2580
## 359 Mali 2002 10580176 Africa 51.818 951.4098
## 360 Mali 2007 12031795 Africa 54.467 1042.5816
## 361 Mauritania 1952 1022556 Africa 40.543 743.1159
## 362 Mauritania 1957 1076852 Africa 42.338 846.1203
## 363 Mauritania 1962 1146757 Africa 44.248 1055.8960
## 364 Mauritania 1967 1230542 Africa 46.289 1421.1452
## 365 Mauritania 1972 1332786 Africa 48.437 1586.8518
## 366 Mauritania 1977 1456688 Africa 50.852 1497.4922
## 367 Mauritania 1982 1622136 Africa 53.599 1481.1502
## 368 Mauritania 1987 1841240 Africa 56.145 1421.6036
## 369 Mauritania 1992 2119465 Africa 58.333 1361.3698
## 370 Mauritania 1997 2444741 Africa 60.430 1483.1361
## 371 Mauritania 2002 2828858 Africa 62.247 1579.0195
## 372 Mauritania 2007 3270065 Africa 64.164 1803.1515
## 373 Mauritius 1952 516556 Africa 50.986 1967.9557
## 374 Mauritius 1957 609816 Africa 58.089 2034.0380
## 375 Mauritius 1962 701016 Africa 60.246 2529.0675
## 376 Mauritius 1967 789309 Africa 61.557 2475.3876
## 377 Mauritius 1972 851334 Africa 62.944 2575.4842
## 378 Mauritius 1977 913025 Africa 64.930 3710.9830
## 379 Mauritius 1982 992040 Africa 66.711 3688.0377
## 380 Mauritius 1987 1042663 Africa 68.740 4783.5869
## 381 Mauritius 1992 1096202 Africa 69.745 6058.2538
## 382 Mauritius 1997 1149818 Africa 70.736 7425.7053
## 383 Mauritius 2002 1200206 Africa 71.954 9021.8159
## 384 Mauritius 2007 1250882 Africa 72.801 10956.9911
## 385 Morocco 1952 9939217 Africa 42.873 1688.2036
## 386 Morocco 1957 11406350 Africa 45.423 1642.0023
## 387 Morocco 1962 13056604 Africa 47.924 1566.3535
## 388 Morocco 1967 14770296 Africa 50.335 1711.0448
## 389 Morocco 1972 16660670 Africa 52.862 1930.1950
## 390 Morocco 1977 18396941 Africa 55.730 2370.6200
## 391 Morocco 1982 20198730 Africa 59.650 2702.6204
## 392 Morocco 1987 22987397 Africa 62.677 2755.0470
## 393 Morocco 1992 25798239 Africa 65.393 2948.0473
## 394 Morocco 1997 28529501 Africa 67.660 2982.1019
## 395 Morocco 2002 31167783 Africa 69.615 3258.4956
## 396 Morocco 2007 33757175 Africa 71.164 3820.1752
## 397 Mozambique 1952 6446316 Africa 31.286 468.5260
## 398 Mozambique 1957 7038035 Africa 33.779 495.5868
## 399 Mozambique 1962 7788944 Africa 36.161 556.6864
## 400 Mozambique 1967 8680909 Africa 38.113 566.6692
## 401 Mozambique 1972 9809596 Africa 40.328 724.9178
## 402 Mozambique 1977 11127868 Africa 42.495 502.3197
## 403 Mozambique 1982 12587223 Africa 42.795 462.2114
## 404 Mozambique 1987 12891952 Africa 42.861 389.8762
## 405 Mozambique 1992 13160731 Africa 44.284 410.8968
## 406 Mozambique 1997 16603334 Africa 46.344 472.3461
## 407 Mozambique 2002 18473780 Africa 44.026 633.6179
## 408 Mozambique 2007 19951656 Africa 42.082 823.6856
## 409 Namibia 1952 485831 Africa 41.725 2423.7804
## 410 Namibia 1957 548080 Africa 45.226 2621.4481
## 411 Namibia 1962 621392 Africa 48.386 3173.2156
## 412 Namibia 1967 706640 Africa 51.159 3793.6948
## 413 Namibia 1972 821782 Africa 53.867 3746.0809
## 414 Namibia 1977 977026 Africa 56.437 3876.4860
## 415 Namibia 1982 1099010 Africa 58.968 4191.1005
## 416 Namibia 1987 1278184 Africa 60.835 3693.7313
## 417 Namibia 1992 1554253 Africa 61.999 3804.5380
## 418 Namibia 1997 1774766 Africa 58.909 3899.5243
## 419 Namibia 2002 1972153 Africa 51.479 4072.3248
## 420 Namibia 2007 2055080 Africa 52.906 4811.0604
## 421 Niger 1952 3379468 Africa 37.444 761.8794
## 422 Niger 1957 3692184 Africa 38.598 835.5234
## 423 Niger 1962 4076008 Africa 39.487 997.7661
## 424 Niger 1967 4534062 Africa 40.118 1054.3849
## 425 Niger 1972 5060262 Africa 40.546 954.2092
## 426 Niger 1977 5682086 Africa 41.291 808.8971
## 427 Niger 1982 6437188 Africa 42.598 909.7221
## 428 Niger 1987 7332638 Africa 44.555 668.3000
## 429 Niger 1992 8392818 Africa 47.391 581.1827
## 430 Niger 1997 9666252 Africa 51.313 580.3052
## 431 Niger 2002 11140655 Africa 54.496 601.0745
## 432 Niger 2007 12894865 Africa 56.867 619.6769
## 433 Nigeria 1952 33119096 Africa 36.324 1077.2819
## 434 Nigeria 1957 37173340 Africa 37.802 1100.5926
## 435 Nigeria 1962 41871351 Africa 39.360 1150.9275
## 436 Nigeria 1967 47287752 Africa 41.040 1014.5141
## 437 Nigeria 1972 53740085 Africa 42.821 1698.3888
## 438 Nigeria 1977 62209173 Africa 44.514 1981.9518
## 439 Nigeria 1982 73039376 Africa 45.826 1576.9738
## 440 Nigeria 1987 81551520 Africa 46.886 1385.0296
## 441 Nigeria 1992 93364244 Africa 47.472 1619.8482
## 442 Nigeria 1997 106207839 Africa 47.464 1624.9413
## 443 Nigeria 2002 119901274 Africa 46.608 1615.2864
## 444 Nigeria 2007 135031164 Africa 46.859 2013.9773
## 445 Reunion 1952 257700 Africa 52.724 2718.8853
## 446 Reunion 1957 308700 Africa 55.090 2769.4518
## 447 Reunion 1962 358900 Africa 57.666 3173.7233
## 448 Reunion 1967 414024 Africa 60.542 4021.1757
## 449 Reunion 1972 461633 Africa 64.274 5047.6586
## 450 Reunion 1977 492095 Africa 67.064 4319.8041
## 451 Reunion 1982 517810 Africa 69.885 5267.2194
## 452 Reunion 1987 562035 Africa 71.913 5303.3775
## 453 Reunion 1992 622191 Africa 73.615 6101.2558
## 454 Reunion 1997 684810 Africa 74.772 6071.9414
## 455 Reunion 2002 743981 Africa 75.744 6316.1652
## 456 Reunion 2007 798094 Africa 76.442 7670.1226
## 457 Rwanda 1952 2534927 Africa 40.000 493.3239
## 458 Rwanda 1957 2822082 Africa 41.500 540.2894
## 459 Rwanda 1962 3051242 Africa 43.000 597.4731
## 460 Rwanda 1967 3451079 Africa 44.100 510.9637
## 461 Rwanda 1972 3992121 Africa 44.600 590.5807
## 462 Rwanda 1977 4657072 Africa 45.000 670.0806
## 463 Rwanda 1982 5507565 Africa 46.218 881.5706
## 464 Rwanda 1987 6349365 Africa 44.020 847.9912
## 465 Rwanda 1992 7290203 Africa 23.599 737.0686
## 466 Rwanda 1997 7212583 Africa 36.087 589.9445
## 467 Rwanda 2002 7852401 Africa 43.413 785.6538
## 468 Rwanda 2007 8860588 Africa 46.242 863.0885
## 469 Sao Tome and Principe 1952 60011 Africa 46.471 879.5836
## 470 Sao Tome and Principe 1957 61325 Africa 48.945 860.7369
## 471 Sao Tome and Principe 1962 65345 Africa 51.893 1071.5511
## 472 Sao Tome and Principe 1967 70787 Africa 54.425 1384.8406
## 473 Sao Tome and Principe 1972 76595 Africa 56.480 1532.9853
## 474 Sao Tome and Principe 1977 86796 Africa 58.550 1737.5617
## 475 Sao Tome and Principe 1982 98593 Africa 60.351 1890.2181
## 476 Sao Tome and Principe 1987 110812 Africa 61.728 1516.5255
## 477 Sao Tome and Principe 1992 125911 Africa 62.742 1428.7778
## 478 Sao Tome and Principe 1997 145608 Africa 63.306 1339.0760
## 479 Sao Tome and Principe 2002 170372 Africa 64.337 1353.0924
## 480 Sao Tome and Principe 2007 199579 Africa 65.528 1598.4351
## 481 Senegal 1952 2755589 Africa 37.278 1450.3570
## 482 Senegal 1957 3054547 Africa 39.329 1567.6530
## 483 Senegal 1962 3430243 Africa 41.454 1654.9887
## 484 Senegal 1967 3965841 Africa 43.563 1612.4046
## 485 Senegal 1972 4588696 Africa 45.815 1597.7121
## 486 Senegal 1977 5260855 Africa 48.879 1561.7691
## 487 Senegal 1982 6147783 Africa 52.379 1518.4800
## 488 Senegal 1987 7171347 Africa 55.769 1441.7207
## 489 Senegal 1992 8307920 Africa 58.196 1367.8994
## 490 Senegal 1997 9535314 Africa 60.187 1392.3683
## 491 Senegal 2002 10870037 Africa 61.600 1519.6353
## 492 Senegal 2007 12267493 Africa 63.062 1712.4721
## 493 Sierra Leone 1952 2143249 Africa 30.331 879.7877
## 494 Sierra Leone 1957 2295678 Africa 31.570 1004.4844
## 495 Sierra Leone 1962 2467895 Africa 32.767 1116.6399
## 496 Sierra Leone 1967 2662190 Africa 34.113 1206.0435
## 497 Sierra Leone 1972 2879013 Africa 35.400 1353.7598
## 498 Sierra Leone 1977 3140897 Africa 36.788 1348.2852
## 499 Sierra Leone 1982 3464522 Africa 38.445 1465.0108
## 500 Sierra Leone 1987 3868905 Africa 40.006 1294.4478
## 501 Sierra Leone 1992 4260884 Africa 38.333 1068.6963
## 502 Sierra Leone 1997 4578212 Africa 39.897 574.6482
## 503 Sierra Leone 2002 5359092 Africa 41.012 699.4897
## 504 Sierra Leone 2007 6144562 Africa 42.568 862.5408
## 505 Somalia 1952 2526994 Africa 32.978 1135.7498
## 506 Somalia 1957 2780415 Africa 34.977 1258.1474
## 507 Somalia 1962 3080153 Africa 36.981 1369.4883
## 508 Somalia 1967 3428839 Africa 38.977 1284.7332
## 509 Somalia 1972 3840161 Africa 40.973 1254.5761
## 510 Somalia 1977 4353666 Africa 41.974 1450.9925
## 511 Somalia 1982 5828892 Africa 42.955 1176.8070
## 512 Somalia 1987 6921858 Africa 44.501 1093.2450
## 513 Somalia 1992 6099799 Africa 39.658 926.9603
## 514 Somalia 1997 6633514 Africa 43.795 930.5964
## 515 Somalia 2002 7753310 Africa 45.936 882.0818
## 516 Somalia 2007 9118773 Africa 48.159 926.1411
## 517 South Africa 1952 14264935 Africa 45.009 4725.2955
## 518 South Africa 1957 16151549 Africa 47.985 5487.1042
## 519 South Africa 1962 18356657 Africa 49.951 5768.7297
## 520 South Africa 1967 20997321 Africa 51.927 7114.4780
## 521 South Africa 1972 23935810 Africa 53.696 7765.9626
## 522 South Africa 1977 27129932 Africa 55.527 8028.6514
## 523 South Africa 1982 31140029 Africa 58.161 8568.2662
## 524 South Africa 1987 35933379 Africa 60.834 7825.8234
## 525 South Africa 1992 39964159 Africa 61.888 7225.0693
## 526 South Africa 1997 42835005 Africa 60.236 7479.1882
## 527 South Africa 2002 44433622 Africa 53.365 7710.9464
## 528 South Africa 2007 43997828 Africa 49.339 9269.6578
## 529 Sudan 1952 8504667 Africa 38.635 1615.9911
## 530 Sudan 1957 9753392 Africa 39.624 1770.3371
## 531 Sudan 1962 11183227 Africa 40.870 1959.5938
## 532 Sudan 1967 12716129 Africa 42.858 1687.9976
## 533 Sudan 1972 14597019 Africa 45.083 1659.6528
## 534 Sudan 1977 17104986 Africa 47.800 2202.9884
## 535 Sudan 1982 20367053 Africa 50.338 1895.5441
## 536 Sudan 1987 24725960 Africa 51.744 1507.8192
## 537 Sudan 1992 28227588 Africa 53.556 1492.1970
## 538 Sudan 1997 32160729 Africa 55.373 1632.2108
## 539 Sudan 2002 37090298 Africa 56.369 1993.3983
## 540 Sudan 2007 42292929 Africa 58.556 2602.3950
## 541 Swaziland 1952 290243 Africa 41.407 1148.3766
## 542 Swaziland 1957 326741 Africa 43.424 1244.7084
## 543 Swaziland 1962 370006 Africa 44.992 1856.1821
## 544 Swaziland 1967 420690 Africa 46.633 2613.1017
## 545 Swaziland 1972 480105 Africa 49.552 3364.8366
## 546 Swaziland 1977 551425 Africa 52.537 3781.4106
## 547 Swaziland 1982 649901 Africa 55.561 3895.3840
## 548 Swaziland 1987 779348 Africa 57.678 3984.8398
## 549 Swaziland 1992 962344 Africa 58.474 3553.0224
## 550 Swaziland 1997 1054486 Africa 54.289 3876.7685
## 551 Swaziland 2002 1130269 Africa 43.869 4128.1169
## 552 Swaziland 2007 1133066 Africa 39.613 4513.4806
## 553 Tanzania 1952 8322925 Africa 41.215 716.6501
## 554 Tanzania 1957 9452826 Africa 42.974 698.5356
## 555 Tanzania 1962 10863958 Africa 44.246 722.0038
## 556 Tanzania 1967 12607312 Africa 45.757 848.2187
## 557 Tanzania 1972 14706593 Africa 47.620 915.9851
## 558 Tanzania 1977 17129565 Africa 49.919 962.4923
## 559 Tanzania 1982 19844382 Africa 50.608 874.2426
## 560 Tanzania 1987 23040630 Africa 51.535 831.8221
## 561 Tanzania 1992 26605473 Africa 50.440 825.6825
## 562 Tanzania 1997 30686889 Africa 48.466 789.1862
## 563 Tanzania 2002 34593779 Africa 49.651 899.0742
## 564 Tanzania 2007 38139640 Africa 52.517 1107.4822
## 565 Togo 1952 1219113 Africa 38.596 859.8087
## 566 Togo 1957 1357445 Africa 41.208 925.9083
## 567 Togo 1962 1528098 Africa 43.922 1067.5348
## 568 Togo 1967 1735550 Africa 46.769 1477.5968
## 569 Togo 1972 2056351 Africa 49.759 1649.6602
## 570 Togo 1977 2308582 Africa 52.887 1532.7770
## 571 Togo 1982 2644765 Africa 55.471 1344.5780
## 572 Togo 1987 3154264 Africa 56.941 1202.2014
## 573 Togo 1992 3747553 Africa 58.061 1034.2989
## 574 Togo 1997 4320890 Africa 58.390 982.2869
## 575 Togo 2002 4977378 Africa 57.561 886.2206
## 576 Togo 2007 5701579 Africa 58.420 882.9699
## 577 Tunisia 1952 3647735 Africa 44.600 1468.4756
## 578 Tunisia 1957 3950849 Africa 47.100 1395.2325
## 579 Tunisia 1962 4286552 Africa 49.579 1660.3032
## 580 Tunisia 1967 4786986 Africa 52.053 1932.3602
## 581 Tunisia 1972 5303507 Africa 55.602 2753.2860
## 582 Tunisia 1977 6005061 Africa 59.837 3120.8768
## 583 Tunisia 1982 6734098 Africa 64.048 3560.2332
## 584 Tunisia 1987 7724976 Africa 66.894 3810.4193
## 585 Tunisia 1992 8523077 Africa 70.001 4332.7202
## 586 Tunisia 1997 9231669 Africa 71.973 4876.7986
## 587 Tunisia 2002 9770575 Africa 73.042 5722.8957
## 588 Tunisia 2007 10276158 Africa 73.923 7092.9230
## 589 Uganda 1952 5824797 Africa 39.978 734.7535
## 590 Uganda 1957 6675501 Africa 42.571 774.3711
## 591 Uganda 1962 7688797 Africa 45.344 767.2717
## 592 Uganda 1967 8900294 Africa 48.051 908.9185
## 593 Uganda 1972 10190285 Africa 51.016 950.7359
## 594 Uganda 1977 11457758 Africa 50.350 843.7331
## 595 Uganda 1982 12939400 Africa 49.849 682.2662
## 596 Uganda 1987 15283050 Africa 51.509 617.7244
## 597 Uganda 1992 18252190 Africa 48.825 644.1708
## 598 Uganda 1997 21210254 Africa 44.578 816.5591
## 599 Uganda 2002 24739869 Africa 47.813 927.7210
## 600 Uganda 2007 29170398 Africa 51.542 1056.3801
## 601 Zambia 1952 2672000 Africa 42.038 1147.3888
## 602 Zambia 1957 3016000 Africa 44.077 1311.9568
## 603 Zambia 1962 3421000 Africa 46.023 1452.7258
## 604 Zambia 1967 3900000 Africa 47.768 1777.0773
## 605 Zambia 1972 4506497 Africa 50.107 1773.4983
## 606 Zambia 1977 5216550 Africa 51.386 1588.6883
## 607 Zambia 1982 6100407 Africa 51.821 1408.6786
## 608 Zambia 1987 7272406 Africa 50.821 1213.3151
## 609 Zambia 1992 8381163 Africa 46.100 1210.8846
## 610 Zambia 1997 9417789 Africa 40.238 1071.3538
## 611 Zambia 2002 10595811 Africa 39.193 1071.6139
## 612 Zambia 2007 11746035 Africa 42.384 1271.2116
## 613 Zimbabwe 1952 3080907 Africa 48.451 406.8841
## 614 Zimbabwe 1957 3646340 Africa 50.469 518.7643
## 615 Zimbabwe 1962 4277736 Africa 52.358 527.2722
## 616 Zimbabwe 1967 4995432 Africa 53.995 569.7951
## 617 Zimbabwe 1972 5861135 Africa 55.635 799.3622
## 618 Zimbabwe 1977 6642107 Africa 57.674 685.5877
## 619 Zimbabwe 1982 7636524 Africa 60.363 788.8550
## 620 Zimbabwe 1987 9216418 Africa 62.351 706.1573
## 621 Zimbabwe 1992 10704340 Africa 60.377 693.4208
## 622 Zimbabwe 1997 11404948 Africa 46.809 792.4500
## 623 Zimbabwe 2002 11926563 Africa 39.989 672.0386
## 624 Zimbabwe 2007 12311143 Africa 43.487 469.7093The spread of the GDP per capita within each continent can be observed from the quantiles shown in summary.
summary(data.africa)## country year pop continent
## Algeria : 12 Min. :1952 Min. : 60011 Africa :624
## Angola : 12 1st Qu.:1966 1st Qu.: 1342075 Americas: 0
## Benin : 12 Median :1980 Median : 4579311 Asia : 0
## Botswana : 12 Mean :1980 Mean : 9916003 Europe : 0
## Burkina Faso: 12 3rd Qu.:1993 3rd Qu.: 10801490 Oceania : 0
## Burundi : 12 Max. :2007 Max. :135031164
## (Other) :552
## lifeExp gdpPercap
## Min. :23.60 Min. : 241.2
## 1st Qu.:42.37 1st Qu.: 761.2
## Median :47.79 Median : 1192.1
## Mean :48.87 Mean : 2193.8
## 3rd Qu.:54.41 3rd Qu.: 2377.4
## Max. :76.44 Max. :21951.2
## summary(data.asia)## country year pop continent
## Afghanistan : 12 Min. :1952 Min. :1.204e+05 Africa : 0
## Bahrain : 12 1st Qu.:1966 1st Qu.:3.844e+06 Americas: 0
## Bangladesh : 12 Median :1980 Median :1.453e+07 Asia :396
## Cambodia : 12 Mean :1980 Mean :7.704e+07 Europe : 0
## China : 12 3rd Qu.:1993 3rd Qu.:4.630e+07 Oceania : 0
## Hong Kong, China: 12 Max. :2007 Max. :1.319e+09
## (Other) :324
## lifeExp gdpPercap
## Min. :28.80 Min. : 331
## 1st Qu.:51.43 1st Qu.: 1057
## Median :61.79 Median : 2647
## Mean :60.06 Mean : 7902
## 3rd Qu.:69.51 3rd Qu.: 8549
## Max. :82.60 Max. :113523
## summary(data.europe)## country year pop
## Albania : 12 Min. :1952 Min. : 147962
## Austria : 12 1st Qu.:1966 1st Qu.: 4331500
## Belgium : 12 Median :1980 Median : 8551125
## Bosnia and Herzegovina: 12 Mean :1980 Mean :17169765
## Bulgaria : 12 3rd Qu.:1993 3rd Qu.:21802867
## Croatia : 12 Max. :2007 Max. :82400996
## (Other) :288
## continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## Africa : 0 Min. :43.59 Min. : 973.5
## Americas: 0 1st Qu.:69.57 1st Qu.: 7213.1
## Asia : 0 Median :72.24 Median :12081.8
## Europe :360 Mean :71.90 Mean :14469.5
## Oceania : 0 3rd Qu.:75.45 3rd Qu.:20461.4
## Max. :81.76 Max. :49357.2
## summary(data.americas)## country year pop continent
## Argentina: 12 Min. :1952 Min. : 662850 Africa : 0
## Bolivia : 12 1st Qu.:1966 1st Qu.: 2962359 Americas:300
## Brazil : 12 Median :1980 Median : 6227510 Asia : 0
## Canada : 12 Mean :1980 Mean : 24504795 Europe : 0
## Chile : 12 3rd Qu.:1993 3rd Qu.: 18340309 Oceania : 0
## Colombia : 12 Max. :2007 Max. :301139947
## (Other) :228
## lifeExp gdpPercap
## Min. :37.58 Min. : 1202
## 1st Qu.:58.41 1st Qu.: 3428
## Median :67.05 Median : 5466
## Mean :64.66 Mean : 7136
## 3rd Qu.:71.70 3rd Qu.: 7830
## Max. :80.65 Max. :42952
## summary(data.oceania)## country year pop continent
## Australia :12 Min. :1952 Min. : 1994794 Africa : 0
## New Zealand:12 1st Qu.:1966 1st Qu.: 3199212 Americas: 0
## Afghanistan: 0 Median :1980 Median : 6403492 Asia : 0
## Albania : 0 Mean :1980 Mean : 8874672 Europe : 0
## Algeria : 0 3rd Qu.:1993 3rd Qu.:14351625 Oceania :24
## Angola : 0 Max. :2007 Max. :20434176
## (Other) : 0
## lifeExp gdpPercap
## Min. :69.12 Min. :10040
## 1st Qu.:71.20 1st Qu.:14142
## Median :73.67 Median :17983
## Mean :74.33 Mean :18622
## 3rd Qu.:77.55 3rd Qu.:22214
## Max. :81.23 Max. :34435
## However, the quantiles shown in the summary output above are not straightforward or intuitive enough. We can use ggplot2 to draw boxplots of “gdpPercap” for observations from each continent.
p = ggplot(gm, aes(continent, gdpPercap))
p + geom_boxplot(aes(fill=continent)) + coord_flip()
From the boxplots, we can see the GPD per capita is more spread in Asia in the sense that it has more outliers or extreme values compared with other continents, which may imply that the economic development of the Asian countries are quite unbalanced. But we should also note that Asia has the largest number of countries among the five continents.
How is life expectancy changing over time on different continents
We can use the data.frame obtained from previous task, where in each data.frame, the observations are from the same continent. To see how life expectancy chaing over time, we use arrange() as following.
data.africa.time = arrange(data.africa, year)
data.asia.time = arrange(data.asia, year)
data.europe.time = arrange(data.europe, year)
data.americas.time = arrange(data.americas, year)
data.oceania.time = arrange(data.oceania, year)To show what we obtained by sorting the observations by “year” in ascending order, here we present the data.americas.time for example.
data.americas.time## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1 Argentina 1952 17876956 Americas 62.485 5911.315
## 2 Bolivia 1952 2883315 Americas 40.414 2677.326
## 3 Brazil 1952 56602560 Americas 50.917 2108.944
## 4 Canada 1952 14785584 Americas 68.750 11367.161
## 5 Chile 1952 6377619 Americas 54.745 3939.979
## 6 Colombia 1952 12350771 Americas 50.643 2144.115
## 7 Costa Rica 1952 926317 Americas 57.206 2627.009
## 8 Cuba 1952 6007797 Americas 59.421 5586.539
## 9 Dominican Republic 1952 2491346 Americas 45.928 1397.717
## 10 Ecuador 1952 3548753 Americas 48.357 3522.111
## 11 El Salvador 1952 2042865 Americas 45.262 3048.303
## 12 Guatemala 1952 3146381 Americas 42.023 2428.238
## 13 Haiti 1952 3201488 Americas 37.579 1840.367
## 14 Honduras 1952 1517453 Americas 41.912 2194.926
## 15 Jamaica 1952 1426095 Americas 58.530 2898.531
## 16 Mexico 1952 30144317 Americas 50.789 3478.126
## 17 Nicaragua 1952 1165790 Americas 42.314 3112.364
## 18 Panama 1952 940080 Americas 55.191 2480.380
## 19 Paraguay 1952 1555876 Americas 62.649 1952.309
## 20 Peru 1952 8025700 Americas 43.902 3758.523
## 21 Puerto Rico 1952 2227000 Americas 64.280 3081.960
## 22 Trinidad and Tobago 1952 662850 Americas 59.100 3023.272
## 23 United States 1952 157553000 Americas 68.440 13990.482
## 24 Uruguay 1952 2252965 Americas 66.071 5716.767
## 25 Venezuela 1952 5439568 Americas 55.088 7689.800
## 26 Argentina 1957 19610538 Americas 64.399 6856.856
## 27 Bolivia 1957 3211738 Americas 41.890 2127.686
## 28 Brazil 1957 65551171 Americas 53.285 2487.366
## 29 Canada 1957 17010154 Americas 69.960 12489.950
## 30 Chile 1957 7048426 Americas 56.074 4315.623
## 31 Colombia 1957 14485993 Americas 55.118 2323.806
## 32 Costa Rica 1957 1112300 Americas 60.026 2990.011
## 33 Cuba 1957 6640752 Americas 62.325 6092.174
## 34 Dominican Republic 1957 2923186 Americas 49.828 1544.403
## 35 Ecuador 1957 4058385 Americas 51.356 3780.547
## 36 El Salvador 1957 2355805 Americas 48.570 3421.523
## 37 Guatemala 1957 3640876 Americas 44.142 2617.156
## 38 Haiti 1957 3507701 Americas 40.696 1726.888
## 39 Honduras 1957 1770390 Americas 44.665 2220.488
## 40 Jamaica 1957 1535090 Americas 62.610 4756.526
## 41 Mexico 1957 35015548 Americas 55.190 4131.547
## 42 Nicaragua 1957 1358828 Americas 45.432 3457.416
## 43 Panama 1957 1063506 Americas 59.201 2961.801
## 44 Paraguay 1957 1770902 Americas 63.196 2046.155
## 45 Peru 1957 9146100 Americas 46.263 4245.257
## 46 Puerto Rico 1957 2260000 Americas 68.540 3907.156
## 47 Trinidad and Tobago 1957 764900 Americas 61.800 4100.393
## 48 United States 1957 171984000 Americas 69.490 14847.127
## 49 Uruguay 1957 2424959 Americas 67.044 6150.773
## 50 Venezuela 1957 6702668 Americas 57.907 9802.467
## 51 Argentina 1962 21283783 Americas 65.142 7133.166
## 52 Bolivia 1962 3593918 Americas 43.428 2180.973
## 53 Brazil 1962 76039390 Americas 55.665 3336.586
## 54 Canada 1962 18985849 Americas 71.300 13462.486
## 55 Chile 1962 7961258 Americas 57.924 4519.094
## 56 Colombia 1962 17009885 Americas 57.863 2492.351
## 57 Costa Rica 1962 1345187 Americas 62.842 3460.937
## 58 Cuba 1962 7254373 Americas 65.246 5180.756
## 59 Dominican Republic 1962 3453434 Americas 53.459 1662.137
## 60 Ecuador 1962 4681707 Americas 54.640 4086.114
## 61 El Salvador 1962 2747687 Americas 52.307 3776.804
## 62 Guatemala 1962 4208858 Americas 46.954 2750.364
## 63 Haiti 1962 3880130 Americas 43.590 1796.589
## 64 Honduras 1962 2090162 Americas 48.041 2291.157
## 65 Jamaica 1962 1665128 Americas 65.610 5246.108
## 66 Mexico 1962 41121485 Americas 58.299 4581.609
## 67 Nicaragua 1962 1590597 Americas 48.632 3634.364
## 68 Panama 1962 1215725 Americas 61.817 3536.540
## 69 Paraguay 1962 2009813 Americas 64.361 2148.027
## 70 Peru 1962 10516500 Americas 49.096 4957.038
## 71 Puerto Rico 1962 2448046 Americas 69.620 5108.345
## 72 Trinidad and Tobago 1962 887498 Americas 64.900 4997.524
## 73 United States 1962 186538000 Americas 70.210 16173.146
## 74 Uruguay 1962 2598466 Americas 68.253 5603.358
## 75 Venezuela 1962 8143375 Americas 60.770 8422.974
## 76 Argentina 1967 22934225 Americas 65.634 8052.953
## 77 Bolivia 1967 4040665 Americas 45.032 2586.886
## 78 Brazil 1967 88049823 Americas 57.632 3429.864
## 79 Canada 1967 20819767 Americas 72.130 16076.588
## 80 Chile 1967 8858908 Americas 60.523 5106.654
## 81 Colombia 1967 19764027 Americas 59.963 2678.730
## 82 Costa Rica 1967 1588717 Americas 65.424 4161.728
## 83 Cuba 1967 8139332 Americas 68.290 5690.268
## 84 Dominican Republic 1967 4049146 Americas 56.751 1653.723
## 85 Ecuador 1967 5432424 Americas 56.678 4579.074
## 86 El Salvador 1967 3232927 Americas 55.855 4358.595
## 87 Guatemala 1967 4690773 Americas 50.016 3242.531
## 88 Haiti 1967 4318137 Americas 46.243 1452.058
## 89 Honduras 1967 2500689 Americas 50.924 2538.269
## 90 Jamaica 1967 1861096 Americas 67.510 6124.703
## 91 Mexico 1967 47995559 Americas 60.110 5754.734
## 92 Nicaragua 1967 1865490 Americas 51.884 4643.394
## 93 Panama 1967 1405486 Americas 64.071 4421.009
## 94 Paraguay 1967 2287985 Americas 64.951 2299.376
## 95 Peru 1967 12132200 Americas 51.445 5788.093
## 96 Puerto Rico 1967 2648961 Americas 71.100 6929.278
## 97 Trinidad and Tobago 1967 960155 Americas 65.400 5621.368
## 98 United States 1967 198712000 Americas 70.760 19530.366
## 99 Uruguay 1967 2748579 Americas 68.468 5444.620
## 100 Venezuela 1967 9709552 Americas 63.479 9541.474
## 101 Argentina 1972 24779799 Americas 67.065 9443.039
## 102 Bolivia 1972 4565872 Americas 46.714 2980.331
## 103 Brazil 1972 100840058 Americas 59.504 4985.711
## 104 Canada 1972 22284500 Americas 72.880 18970.571
## 105 Chile 1972 9717524 Americas 63.441 5494.024
## 106 Colombia 1972 22542890 Americas 61.623 3264.660
## 107 Costa Rica 1972 1834796 Americas 67.849 5118.147
## 108 Cuba 1972 8831348 Americas 70.723 5305.445
## 109 Dominican Republic 1972 4671329 Americas 59.631 2189.874
## 110 Ecuador 1972 6298651 Americas 58.796 5280.995
## 111 El Salvador 1972 3790903 Americas 58.207 4520.246
## 112 Guatemala 1972 5149581 Americas 53.738 4031.408
## 113 Haiti 1972 4698301 Americas 48.042 1654.457
## 114 Honduras 1972 2965146 Americas 53.884 2529.842
## 115 Jamaica 1972 1997616 Americas 69.000 7433.889
## 116 Mexico 1972 55984294 Americas 62.361 6809.407
## 117 Nicaragua 1972 2182908 Americas 55.151 4688.593
## 118 Panama 1972 1616384 Americas 66.216 5364.250
## 119 Paraguay 1972 2614104 Americas 65.815 2523.338
## 120 Peru 1972 13954700 Americas 55.448 5937.827
## 121 Puerto Rico 1972 2847132 Americas 72.160 9123.042
## 122 Trinidad and Tobago 1972 975199 Americas 65.900 6619.551
## 123 United States 1972 209896000 Americas 71.340 21806.036
## 124 Uruguay 1972 2829526 Americas 68.673 5703.409
## 125 Venezuela 1972 11515649 Americas 65.712 10505.260
## 126 Argentina 1977 26983828 Americas 68.481 10079.027
## 127 Bolivia 1977 5079716 Americas 50.023 3548.098
## 128 Brazil 1977 114313951 Americas 61.489 6660.119
## 129 Canada 1977 23796400 Americas 74.210 22090.883
## 130 Chile 1977 10599793 Americas 67.052 4756.764
## 131 Colombia 1977 25094412 Americas 63.837 3815.808
## 132 Costa Rica 1977 2108457 Americas 70.750 5926.877
## 133 Cuba 1977 9537988 Americas 72.649 6380.495
## 134 Dominican Republic 1977 5302800 Americas 61.788 2681.989
## 135 Ecuador 1977 7278866 Americas 61.310 6679.623
## 136 El Salvador 1977 4282586 Americas 56.696 5138.922
## 137 Guatemala 1977 5703430 Americas 56.029 4879.993
## 138 Haiti 1977 4908554 Americas 49.923 1874.299
## 139 Honduras 1977 3055235 Americas 57.402 3203.208
## 140 Jamaica 1977 2156814 Americas 70.110 6650.196
## 141 Mexico 1977 63759976 Americas 65.032 7674.929
## 142 Nicaragua 1977 2554598 Americas 57.470 5486.371
## 143 Panama 1977 1839782 Americas 68.681 5351.912
## 144 Paraguay 1977 2984494 Americas 66.353 3248.373
## 145 Peru 1977 15990099 Americas 58.447 6281.291
## 146 Puerto Rico 1977 3080828 Americas 73.440 9770.525
## 147 Trinidad and Tobago 1977 1039009 Americas 68.300 7899.554
## 148 United States 1977 220239000 Americas 73.380 24072.632
## 149 Uruguay 1977 2873520 Americas 69.481 6504.340
## 150 Venezuela 1977 13503563 Americas 67.456 13143.951
## 151 Argentina 1982 29341374 Americas 69.942 8997.897
## 152 Bolivia 1982 5642224 Americas 53.859 3156.510
## 153 Brazil 1982 128962939 Americas 63.336 7030.836
## 154 Canada 1982 25201900 Americas 75.760 22898.792
## 155 Chile 1982 11487112 Americas 70.565 5095.666
## 156 Colombia 1982 27764644 Americas 66.653 4397.576
## 157 Costa Rica 1982 2424367 Americas 73.450 5262.735
## 158 Cuba 1982 9789224 Americas 73.717 7316.918
## 159 Dominican Republic 1982 5968349 Americas 63.727 2861.092
## 160 Ecuador 1982 8365850 Americas 64.342 7213.791
## 161 El Salvador 1982 4474873 Americas 56.604 4098.344
## 162 Guatemala 1982 6395630 Americas 58.137 4820.495
## 163 Haiti 1982 5198399 Americas 51.461 2011.160
## 164 Honduras 1982 3669448 Americas 60.909 3121.761
## 165 Jamaica 1982 2298309 Americas 71.210 6068.051
## 166 Mexico 1982 71640904 Americas 67.405 9611.148
## 167 Nicaragua 1982 2979423 Americas 59.298 3470.338
## 168 Panama 1982 2036305 Americas 70.472 7009.602
## 169 Paraguay 1982 3366439 Americas 66.874 4258.504
## 170 Peru 1982 18125129 Americas 61.406 6434.502
## 171 Puerto Rico 1982 3279001 Americas 73.750 10330.989
## 172 Trinidad and Tobago 1982 1116479 Americas 68.832 9119.529
## 173 United States 1982 232187835 Americas 74.650 25009.559
## 174 Uruguay 1982 2953997 Americas 70.805 6920.223
## 175 Venezuela 1982 15620766 Americas 68.557 11152.410
## 176 Argentina 1987 31620918 Americas 70.774 9139.671
## 177 Bolivia 1987 6156369 Americas 57.251 2753.691
## 178 Brazil 1987 142938076 Americas 65.205 7807.096
## 179 Canada 1987 26549700 Americas 76.860 26626.515
## 180 Chile 1987 12463354 Americas 72.492 5547.064
## 181 Colombia 1987 30964245 Americas 67.768 4903.219
## 182 Costa Rica 1987 2799811 Americas 74.752 5629.915
## 183 Cuba 1987 10239839 Americas 74.174 7532.925
## 184 Dominican Republic 1987 6655297 Americas 66.046 2899.842
## 185 Ecuador 1987 9545158 Americas 67.231 6481.777
## 186 El Salvador 1987 4842194 Americas 63.154 4140.442
## 187 Guatemala 1987 7326406 Americas 60.782 4246.486
## 188 Haiti 1987 5756203 Americas 53.636 1823.016
## 189 Honduras 1987 4372203 Americas 64.492 3023.097
## 190 Jamaica 1987 2326606 Americas 71.770 6351.237
## 191 Mexico 1987 80122492 Americas 69.498 8688.156
## 192 Nicaragua 1987 3344353 Americas 62.008 2955.984
## 193 Panama 1987 2253639 Americas 71.523 7034.779
## 194 Paraguay 1987 3886512 Americas 67.378 3998.876
## 195 Peru 1987 20195924 Americas 64.134 6360.943
## 196 Puerto Rico 1987 3444468 Americas 74.630 12281.342
## 197 Trinidad and Tobago 1987 1191336 Americas 69.582 7388.598
## 198 United States 1987 242803533 Americas 75.020 29884.350
## 199 Uruguay 1987 3045153 Americas 71.918 7452.399
## 200 Venezuela 1987 17910182 Americas 70.190 9883.585
## 201 Argentina 1992 33958947 Americas 71.868 9308.419
## 202 Bolivia 1992 6893451 Americas 59.957 2961.700
## 203 Brazil 1992 155975974 Americas 67.057 6950.283
## 204 Canada 1992 28523502 Americas 77.950 26342.884
## 205 Chile 1992 13572994 Americas 74.126 7596.126
## 206 Colombia 1992 34202721 Americas 68.421 5444.649
## 207 Costa Rica 1992 3173216 Americas 75.713 6160.416
## 208 Cuba 1992 10723260 Americas 74.414 5592.844
## 209 Dominican Republic 1992 7351181 Americas 68.457 3044.214
## 210 Ecuador 1992 10748394 Americas 69.613 7103.703
## 211 El Salvador 1992 5274649 Americas 66.798 4444.232
## 212 Guatemala 1992 8486949 Americas 63.373 4439.451
## 213 Haiti 1992 6326682 Americas 55.089 1456.310
## 214 Honduras 1992 5077347 Americas 66.399 3081.695
## 215 Jamaica 1992 2378618 Americas 71.766 7404.924
## 216 Mexico 1992 88111030 Americas 71.455 9472.384
## 217 Nicaragua 1992 4017939 Americas 65.843 2170.152
## 218 Panama 1992 2484997 Americas 72.462 6618.743
## 219 Paraguay 1992 4483945 Americas 68.225 4196.411
## 220 Peru 1992 22430449 Americas 66.458 4446.381
## 221 Puerto Rico 1992 3585176 Americas 73.911 14641.587
## 222 Trinidad and Tobago 1992 1183669 Americas 69.862 7370.991
## 223 United States 1992 256894189 Americas 76.090 32003.932
## 224 Uruguay 1992 3149262 Americas 72.752 8137.005
## 225 Venezuela 1992 20265563 Americas 71.150 10733.926
## 226 Argentina 1997 36203463 Americas 73.275 10967.282
## 227 Bolivia 1997 7693188 Americas 62.050 3326.143
## 228 Brazil 1997 168546719 Americas 69.388 7957.981
## 229 Canada 1997 30305843 Americas 78.610 28954.926
## 230 Chile 1997 14599929 Americas 75.816 10118.053
## 231 Colombia 1997 37657830 Americas 70.313 6117.362
## 232 Costa Rica 1997 3518107 Americas 77.260 6677.045
## 233 Cuba 1997 10983007 Americas 76.151 5431.990
## 234 Dominican Republic 1997 7992357 Americas 69.957 3614.101
## 235 Ecuador 1997 11911819 Americas 72.312 7429.456
## 236 El Salvador 1997 5783439 Americas 69.535 5154.825
## 237 Guatemala 1997 9803875 Americas 66.322 4684.314
## 238 Haiti 1997 6913545 Americas 56.671 1341.727
## 239 Honduras 1997 5867957 Americas 67.659 3160.455
## 240 Jamaica 1997 2531311 Americas 72.262 7121.925
## 241 Mexico 1997 95895146 Americas 73.670 9767.298
## 242 Nicaragua 1997 4609572 Americas 68.426 2253.023
## 243 Panama 1997 2734531 Americas 73.738 7113.692
## 244 Paraguay 1997 5154123 Americas 69.400 4247.400
## 245 Peru 1997 24748122 Americas 68.386 5838.348
## 246 Puerto Rico 1997 3759430 Americas 74.917 16999.433
## 247 Trinidad and Tobago 1997 1138101 Americas 69.465 8792.573
## 248 United States 1997 272911760 Americas 76.810 35767.433
## 249 Uruguay 1997 3262838 Americas 74.223 9230.241
## 250 Venezuela 1997 22374398 Americas 72.146 10165.495
## 251 Argentina 2002 38331121 Americas 74.340 8797.641
## 252 Bolivia 2002 8445134 Americas 63.883 3413.263
## 253 Brazil 2002 179914212 Americas 71.006 8131.213
## 254 Canada 2002 31902268 Americas 79.770 33328.965
## 255 Chile 2002 15497046 Americas 77.860 10778.784
## 256 Colombia 2002 41008227 Americas 71.682 5755.260
## 257 Costa Rica 2002 3834934 Americas 78.123 7723.447
## 258 Cuba 2002 11226999 Americas 77.158 6340.647
## 259 Dominican Republic 2002 8650322 Americas 70.847 4563.808
## 260 Ecuador 2002 12921234 Americas 74.173 5773.045
## 261 El Salvador 2002 6353681 Americas 70.734 5351.569
## 262 Guatemala 2002 11178650 Americas 68.978 4858.347
## 263 Haiti 2002 7607651 Americas 58.137 1270.365
## 264 Honduras 2002 6677328 Americas 68.565 3099.729
## 265 Jamaica 2002 2664659 Americas 72.047 6994.775
## 266 Mexico 2002 102479927 Americas 74.902 10742.441
## 267 Nicaragua 2002 5146848 Americas 70.836 2474.549
## 268 Panama 2002 2990875 Americas 74.712 7356.032
## 269 Paraguay 2002 5884491 Americas 70.755 3783.674
## 270 Peru 2002 26769436 Americas 69.906 5909.020
## 271 Puerto Rico 2002 3859606 Americas 77.778 18855.606
## 272 Trinidad and Tobago 2002 1101832 Americas 68.976 11460.600
## 273 United States 2002 287675526 Americas 77.310 39097.100
## 274 Uruguay 2002 3363085 Americas 75.307 7727.002
## 275 Venezuela 2002 24287670 Americas 72.766 8605.048
## 276 Argentina 2007 40301927 Americas 75.320 12779.380
## 277 Bolivia 2007 9119152 Americas 65.554 3822.137
## 278 Brazil 2007 190010647 Americas 72.390 9065.801
## 279 Canada 2007 33390141 Americas 80.653 36319.235
## 280 Chile 2007 16284741 Americas 78.553 13171.639
## 281 Colombia 2007 44227550 Americas 72.889 7006.580
## 282 Costa Rica 2007 4133884 Americas 78.782 9645.061
## 283 Cuba 2007 11416987 Americas 78.273 8948.103
## 284 Dominican Republic 2007 9319622 Americas 72.235 6025.375
## 285 Ecuador 2007 13755680 Americas 74.994 6873.262
## 286 El Salvador 2007 6939688 Americas 71.878 5728.354
## 287 Guatemala 2007 12572928 Americas 70.259 5186.050
## 288 Haiti 2007 8502814 Americas 60.916 1201.637
## 289 Honduras 2007 7483763 Americas 70.198 3548.331
## 290 Jamaica 2007 2780132 Americas 72.567 7320.880
## 291 Mexico 2007 108700891 Americas 76.195 11977.575
## 292 Nicaragua 2007 5675356 Americas 72.899 2749.321
## 293 Panama 2007 3242173 Americas 75.537 9809.186
## 294 Paraguay 2007 6667147 Americas 71.752 4172.838
## 295 Peru 2007 28674757 Americas 71.421 7408.906
## 296 Puerto Rico 2007 3942491 Americas 78.746 19328.709
## 297 Trinidad and Tobago 2007 1056608 Americas 69.819 18008.509
## 298 United States 2007 301139947 Americas 78.242 42951.653
## 299 Uruguay 2007 3447496 Americas 76.384 10611.463
## 300 Venezuela 2007 26084662 Americas 73.747 11415.806Thus for each country we have one observation for each year listed in table.
Other data.frame is ordered in the same sense. But as in previous task, it’s difficult to have any straightforward sense on how is life expectancy changing over time on each continent by looking at the table as above. So we use ggplot2 to draw some plots in the following.
p = ggplot(data.americas.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))+guides(col=guide_legend(nrow=18))
From this plot, we can see in general the life expectancy in Americas in increasing over time, and the difference amonge countries within Americas is getting smaller over time.
p = ggplot(data.africa.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))+guides(col=guide_legend(nrow=18))
From this plot, we can see although the life expectancy increases over time in general, there is a huge decrease in life expectancy for most of the countries starting at around 1990. One of the most decline in life expectancy appear in Rwanda in around 1990. From Google, we know there is a Rwandan Civil War starting around October 1990, and this can make life expectancy decline suddenly.
p = ggplot(data.asia.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))+guides(col=guide_legend(nrow=18))
This plot also shows an increase in life expectancy in general sense. However, it also shows there is a huge decline in China starting from about 1967, till around 1976. This fact is due to the Cultural Revolution between 1966 to 1976, during which dramatic political persecution would make life expectancy of China decline a lot.
p = ggplot(data.oceania.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))
From this plot, we can see the life expectancy of the countries in Oceania is increasing over time, with a relatively constant rate of increase after around 1977 (for New Zealand) and 1967 (for Australia).
To get a general view of how life expectancy changes over time for each continent, we look at the life expectancy averaged over all the countries within each continent for each year listed above.
continent.time = group_by(by_continent, continent, year, add = FALSE)
continent.lifeExp.time = summarise(continent.time, mean.lifeExp = mean(lifeExp))
knitr::kable(continent.lifeExp.time)| continent | year | mean.lifeExp |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | 1952 | 39.13550 |
| Africa | 1957 | 41.26635 |
| Africa | 1962 | 43.31944 |
| Africa | 1967 | 45.33454 |
| Africa | 1972 | 47.45094 |
| Africa | 1977 | 49.58042 |
| Africa | 1982 | 51.59287 |
| Africa | 1987 | 53.34479 |
| Africa | 1992 | 53.62958 |
| Africa | 1997 | 53.59827 |
| Africa | 2002 | 53.32523 |
| Africa | 2007 | 54.80604 |
| Americas | 1952 | 53.27984 |
| Americas | 1957 | 55.96028 |
| Americas | 1962 | 58.39876 |
| Americas | 1967 | 60.41092 |
| Americas | 1972 | 62.39492 |
| Americas | 1977 | 64.39156 |
| Americas | 1982 | 66.22884 |
| Americas | 1987 | 68.09072 |
| Americas | 1992 | 69.56836 |
| Americas | 1997 | 71.15048 |
| Americas | 2002 | 72.42204 |
| Americas | 2007 | 73.60812 |
| Asia | 1952 | 46.31439 |
| Asia | 1957 | 49.31854 |
| Asia | 1962 | 51.56322 |
| Asia | 1967 | 54.66364 |
| Asia | 1972 | 57.31927 |
| Asia | 1977 | 59.61056 |
| Asia | 1982 | 62.61794 |
| Asia | 1987 | 64.85118 |
| Asia | 1992 | 66.53721 |
| Asia | 1997 | 68.02052 |
| Asia | 2002 | 69.23388 |
| Asia | 2007 | 70.72848 |
| Europe | 1952 | 64.40850 |
| Europe | 1957 | 66.70307 |
| Europe | 1962 | 68.53923 |
| Europe | 1967 | 69.73760 |
| Europe | 1972 | 70.77503 |
| Europe | 1977 | 71.93777 |
| Europe | 1982 | 72.80640 |
| Europe | 1987 | 73.64217 |
| Europe | 1992 | 74.44010 |
| Europe | 1997 | 75.50517 |
| Europe | 2002 | 76.70060 |
| Europe | 2007 | 77.64860 |
| Oceania | 1952 | 69.25500 |
| Oceania | 1957 | 70.29500 |
| Oceania | 1962 | 71.08500 |
| Oceania | 1967 | 71.31000 |
| Oceania | 1972 | 71.91000 |
| Oceania | 1977 | 72.85500 |
| Oceania | 1982 | 74.29000 |
| Oceania | 1987 | 75.32000 |
| Oceania | 1992 | 76.94500 |
| Oceania | 1997 | 78.19000 |
| Oceania | 2002 | 79.74000 |
| Oceania | 2007 | 80.71950 |
Similarly, the table shown above is not straightforward, so we need to look at the corresponding plot.
p = ggplot(continent.lifeExp.time, aes(x = year, y = mean.lifeExp, color = continent))
p + geom_point() + geom_line()
We can see from this plot that, the average life expectancy for the five continent have the same order for each year in the plot: Oceania > Europe > Americas > Asia > Africa. Except for Africa, whose average life expectancy declined after 1992 and increase again in 2002 (maybe due to the social conflicts and the revitalization process), the difference of average life expectancy among other continents became less and less over time.
Discussion
In some problem settings (such as in task 1 where maximum and minimum values are questioned), tables can give more and relatively concrete information than figures; whereas in other problem settings, figures (boxplots in task 2, tendency plots in task 3) can give more intuitions and straightforward answer than tables. By looking at figures, although some information may be ignored, some important patterns may appear after such simplification.
Note: a useful link for ggplot2.
Use plyr ro apply my functions within data.frames
First we define a function gdprate, from which we can compute the relative increasing rate of GDP per Capita for each country (which is computed by letting \(y_n = \frac{x_{n+1}-x_n}{x_n}\), for all \(n\), where \(x_{n+1}\) and \(x_n\) are two consecutive records of GDP per Capita for the same country, and \(y_n\) is the relative increasing rate from the \(n\)th value to the \((n+1)\)th value of GDP per Capita).
f = function(x){
rate = c()
for(i in 1:dim(x)[1]-1){
rate[i] = (x$gdpPercap[i+1]-x$gdpPercap[i])/x$gdpPercap[i]
}
return(rate)
}
gdp.rate = ddply(gm, ~country, f)
dim(gdp.rate)## [1] 142 12names(gdp.rate)[2:12] = c("1952/1957","1957/1962","1962/1967","1967/1972","1972/1977","1977/1982","1982/1987","1987/1992","1992/1997","1997/2002","2002/2007")The data.frame gdp.rate has 142 rows, with each row corresponding to a specific country. Besides the varaible indicating the country names, there are 11 columns, corresponding to 11 increasing rates computed from 12 consecutive observations of the same country. The table below shows some examples.
tail(gdp.rate)## country 1952/1957 1957/1962 1962/1967 1967/1972
## 137 Venezuela 0.27473625 -0.14072911 0.13279158 0.101010122
## 138 Vietnam 0.11770435 0.14160250 -0.17476332 0.097906255
## 139 West Bank and Gaza 0.20551398 0.20354394 0.20498756 0.182545771
## 140 Yemen, Rep. 0.02956679 0.02583494 0.04459534 0.466819585
## 141 Zambia 0.14342822 0.10729698 0.22327101 -0.002014011
## 142 Zimbabwe 0.27496810 0.01640035 0.08064694 0.402894157
## 1972/1977 1977/1982 1982/1987 1987/1992 1992/1997
## 137 0.25117811 -0.151517671 -0.113771413 0.086035754 -0.0529565
## 138 0.02006496 -0.008831122 0.160573971 0.204951045 0.4012784
## 139 0.17534327 0.177363691 0.177850460 0.178269470 0.1816344
## 140 0.44640091 0.080770929 -0.002940735 -0.046783447 0.1266232
## 141 -0.10420645 -0.113307144 -0.138685612 -0.002003175 -0.1152305
## 142 -0.14233160 0.150626042 -0.104832613 -0.018036378 0.1428125
## 1997/2002 2002/2007
## 137 -0.1535043125 0.32664059
## 138 0.2731515914 0.38375537
## 139 -0.3649699554 -0.33000595
## 140 0.0554130618 0.02056052
## 141 0.0002427956 0.18625892
## 142 -0.1519481906 -0.30106800To make the data for accessible, we do the following transformation.
gdp.rate.t = data.frame(
country = rep(gdp.rate$country, each=11),
period = rep(c("1952/1957","1957/1962","1962/1967","1967/1972","1972/1977","1977/1982","1982/1987","1987/1992","1992/1997","1997/2002","2002/2007"), times=length(gdp.rate$country)),
rate = as.vector(t(gdp.rate[,-1]))
)
head(gdp.rate.t, n=30)## country period rate
## 1 Afghanistan 1952/1957 0.05312459
## 2 Afghanistan 1957/1962 0.03928557
## 3 Afghanistan 1962/1967 -0.01981427
## 4 Afghanistan 1967/1972 -0.11506381
## 5 Afghanistan 1972/1977 0.06234248
## 6 Afghanistan 1977/1982 0.24410993
## 7 Afghanistan 1982/1987 -0.12843970
## 8 Afghanistan 1987/1992 -0.23821623
## 9 Afghanistan 1992/1997 -0.02156038
## 10 Afghanistan 1997/2002 0.14384819
## 11 Afghanistan 2002/2007 0.34104124
## 12 Albania 1952/1957 0.21312689
## 13 Albania 1957/1962 0.19080869
## 14 Albania 1962/1967 0.19339795
## 15 Albania 1967/1972 0.20042963
## 16 Albania 1972/1977 0.06627037
## 17 Albania 1977/1982 0.02770357
## 18 Albania 1982/1987 0.02975917
## 19 Albania 1987/1992 -0.33204524
## 20 Albania 1992/1997 0.27853213
## 21 Albania 1997/2002 0.44194582
## 22 Albania 2002/2007 0.28947795
## 23 Algeria 1952/1957 0.23069251
## 24 Algeria 1957/1962 -0.15367048
## 25 Algeria 1962/1967 0.27292233
## 26 Algeria 1967/1972 0.28816580
## 27 Algeria 1972/1977 0.17399271
## 28 Algeria 1977/1982 0.16999442
## 29 Algeria 1982/1987 -0.01110529
## 30 Algeria 1987/1992 -0.11584234Now in order to detect any sudden, substantial change in GDP per Capita of a country, we concentrate on the extreme values in gdp.rate, such as maximum and the minimum increasing rate. Thus we can use dplyr::mutate to get a data.frame indicating these maximum and minimum, as well as their corresponding years.
gdp.extreme.rate = ddply(gdp.rate.t, ~country, summarise, max.rate=max(rate) , min.rate=min(rate), max.period=which.max(rate), min.period=which.min(rate))
gdp.extreme.rate = mutate(gdp.extreme.rate,
max.period = names(gdp.rate[,-1])[max.period],
min.period = names(gdp.rate[,-1])[min.period]
)
head(gdp.extreme.rate,n=20)## country max.rate min.rate max.period min.period
## 1 Afghanistan 0.3410412 -0.23821623 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 2 Albania 0.4419458 -0.33204524 1997/2002 1987/1992
## 3 Algeria 0.2881658 -0.15367048 1967/1972 1957/1962
## 4 Angola 0.7297996 -0.45030348 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 5 Argentina 0.4525917 -0.19782853 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 6 Australia 0.1889871 0.06233225 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 7 Austria 0.4408486 0.07595224 1952/1957 1992/1997
## 8 Bahrain 0.2731417 -0.03576690 2002/2007 1982/1987
## 9 Bangladesh 0.2242745 -0.12611511 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 10 Belgium 0.2679361 0.07367629 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 11 Benin 0.2416884 -0.09706037 1977/1982 1952/1957
## 12 Bolivia 0.1905045 -0.20529437 1972/1977 1952/1957
## 13 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.8715214 -0.40966303 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 14 Botswana 0.8635003 0.07124714 1967/1972 1957/1962
## 15 Brazil 0.4536177 -0.10974795 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 16 Bulgaria 0.4140257 -0.23510504 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 17 Burkina Faso 0.1728797 -0.13027291 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 18 Burundi 0.1982415 -0.26687472 1972/1977 1992/1997
## 19 Cambodia 0.9122171 -0.19450134 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 20 Cameroon 0.3277670 -0.31102780 1977/1982 1987/1992Then we locate some countries with the most sudden and substantial increase in GDP per Capita by using dplyr::arrange.
arrange(gdp.extreme.rate,max.rate)## country max.rate min.rate max.period min.period
## 1 Central African Republic 0.1115770 -0.137574254 1952/1957 1977/1982
## 2 Senegal 0.1268968 -0.051203642 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 3 Haiti 0.1393879 -0.201153736 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 4 Somalia 0.1565600 -0.188964092 1972/1977 1977/1982
## 5 Nepal 0.1574301 -0.002445288 1987/1992 1967/1972
## 6 El Salvador 0.1598913 -0.202489573 1992/1997 1977/1982
## 7 New Zealand 0.1601674 -0.033874881 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 8 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.1605523 -0.319654701 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 9 Madagascar 0.1678145 -0.156291582 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 10 Burkina Faso 0.1728797 -0.130272906 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 11 Kenya 0.1781227 -0.053635496 1962/1967 1997/2002
## 12 Cote d'Ivoire 0.1869320 -0.235926121 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 13 United Kingdom 0.1882560 0.046112092 1982/1987 1977/1982
## 14 Australia 0.1889871 0.062332249 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 15 Bolivia 0.1905045 -0.205294368 1972/1977 1952/1957
## 16 Guinea 0.1910688 -0.060283306 1957/1962 1982/1987
## 17 Ghana 0.1939095 -0.157015811 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 18 Canada 0.1941768 -0.010652193 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 19 Niger 0.1941809 -0.265380057 1957/1962 1982/1987
## 20 Burundi 0.1982415 -0.266874723 1972/1977 1992/1997
## 21 Mali 0.2039230 -0.099623655 1997/2002 1977/1982
## 22 West Bank and Gaza 0.2055140 -0.364969955 1952/1957 1997/2002
## 23 United States 0.2075799 0.038920838 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 24 Namibia 0.2104820 -0.118672691 1957/1962 1982/1987
## 25 Switzerland 0.2155020 -0.007825763 1952/1957 1972/1977
## 26 Philippines 0.2160955 -0.158891768 1952/1957 1982/1987
## 27 Colombia 0.2187343 -0.059192475 1967/1972 1997/2002
## 28 Djibouti 0.2232287 -0.202821846 1967/1972 1992/1997
## 29 Zambia 0.2232710 -0.138685612 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 30 Denmark 0.2237595 0.051383780 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 31 Bangladesh 0.2242745 -0.126115106 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 32 Gambia 0.2253524 -0.268183982 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 33 Morocco 0.2281764 -0.046071081 1972/1977 1957/1962
## 34 Norway 0.2291738 0.076874173 1972/1977 1987/1992
## 35 Malawi 0.2291829 -0.113792877 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 36 Tanzania 0.2318029 -0.091688720 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 37 Sierra Leone 0.2331000 -0.462290485 2002/2007 1992/1997
## 38 South Africa 0.2332833 -0.086650299 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 39 France 0.2390226 0.048008359 1967/1972 1992/1997
## 40 Benin 0.2416884 -0.097060368 1977/1982 1952/1957
## 41 Guatemala 0.2432905 -0.119076742 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 42 Sweden 0.2439057 0.012425846 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 43 Pakistan 0.2452488 0.021158860 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 44 Costa Rica 0.2488027 -0.112056015 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 45 Mexico 0.2560507 -0.096033438 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 46 Liberia 0.2578650 -0.220092017 1987/1992 2002/2007
## 47 Netherlands 0.2610974 0.008977355 1952/1957 1977/1982
## 48 Ecuador 0.2648419 -0.222951908 1972/1977 1997/2002
## 49 Honduras 0.2661690 -0.031605271 1972/1977 1982/1987
## 50 Reunion 0.2670215 -0.144196460 1962/1967 1972/1977
## 51 Hungary 0.2673285 -0.188723306 1997/2002 1987/1992
## 52 Uganda 0.2676127 -0.191372015 1992/1997 1977/1982
## 53 Belgium 0.2679361 0.073676289 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 54 Bahrain 0.2731417 -0.035766903 2002/2007 1982/1987
## 55 Nicaragua 0.2776357 -0.367462007 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 56 Lebanon 0.2815120 -0.296240090 1987/1992 1982/1987
## 57 Iceland 0.2869267 -0.066069927 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 58 Algeria 0.2881658 -0.153670480 1967/1972 1957/1962
## 59 Sao Tome and Principe 0.2923701 -0.197698169 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 60 Czech Republic 0.2976265 -0.123443743 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 61 Turkey 0.2996566 -0.014139997 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 62 Ethiopia 0.3032751 -0.265603758 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 63 Paraguay 0.3109650 -0.109178789 1977/1982 1997/2002
## 64 Poland 0.3127975 -0.147920940 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 65 Peru 0.3130561 -0.300987194 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 66 Finland 0.3147184 -0.023359678 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 67 Sri Lanka 0.3166158 -0.010138536 2002/2007 1952/1957
## 68 Italy 0.3192568 0.021510992 1957/1962 2002/2007
## 69 Dominican Republic 0.3242088 -0.005062371 1967/1972 1962/1967
## 70 Venezuela 0.3266406 -0.153504313 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 71 Sudan 0.3273791 -0.204545449 1972/1977 1982/1987
## 72 Cameroon 0.3277670 -0.311027802 1977/1982 1987/1992
## 73 Rwanda 0.3317418 -0.199607053 1997/2002 1992/1997
## 74 Panama 0.3334887 -0.059139896 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 75 Comoros 0.3336878 -0.394809786 1962/1967 1972/1977
## 76 Afghanistan 0.3410412 -0.238216231 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 77 Mozambique 0.3414274 -0.307066635 1997/2002 1972/1977
## 78 Mauritania 0.3459139 -0.056312479 1962/1967 1972/1977
## 79 Kuwait 0.3517279 -0.470956158 1967/1972 1977/1982
## 80 Puerto Rico 0.3564625 0.025090831 1962/1967 2002/2007
## 81 Syria 0.3663801 -0.171475613 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 82 Chile 0.3693958 -0.134193178 1987/1992 1972/1977
## 83 Slovak Republic 0.3695005 -0.210911641 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 84 Romania 0.3707016 -0.319490107 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 85 Uruguay 0.3732963 -0.162860184 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 86 Hong Kong, China 0.3762186 0.064536144 1982/1987 1997/2002
## 87 Egypt 0.3762265 -0.023344855 1972/1977 1987/1992
## 88 Togo 0.3841204 -0.139662508 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 89 Croatia 0.3907992 -0.388841123 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 90 Slovenia 0.3907992 -0.238981169 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 91 Serbia 0.3907992 -0.412441584 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 92 Malaysia 0.3922824 -0.011504300 1992/1997 1952/1957
## 93 Ireland 0.3965604 0.074621233 1992/1997 1952/1957
## 94 Vietnam 0.4012784 -0.174763316 1992/1997 1962/1967
## 95 Zimbabwe 0.4028942 -0.301068001 1967/1972 2002/2007
## 96 India 0.4038546 0.033194766 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 97 Spain 0.4038868 0.052070175 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 98 Cuba 0.4112288 -0.257546818 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 99 Montenegro 0.4112585 -0.403082637 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 100 Bulgaria 0.4140257 -0.235105039 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 101 Portugal 0.4182539 0.026976235 1967/1972 2002/2007
## 102 Tunisia 0.4248307 -0.049877003 1967/1972 1952/1957
## 103 Germany 0.4260447 0.048427327 1952/1957 1992/1997
## 104 Guinea-Bissau 0.4400200 -0.277356101 1952/1957 1997/2002
## 105 Austria 0.4408486 0.075952243 1952/1957 1992/1997
## 106 Mauritius 0.4408875 -0.021225185 1972/1977 1962/1967
## 107 Albania 0.4419458 -0.332045244 1997/2002 1987/1992
## 108 Mongolia 0.4461230 -0.236357710 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 109 Argentina 0.4525917 -0.197828527 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 110 Brazil 0.4536177 -0.109747955 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 111 Indonesia 0.4573211 -0.102271334 1967/1972 1962/1967
## 112 Jordan 0.4589422 -0.230119194 1977/1982 1967/1972
## 113 Yemen, Rep. 0.4668196 -0.046783447 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 114 Saudi Arabia 0.4694052 -0.370844060 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 115 Chad 0.4738717 -0.296367998 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 116 Swaziland 0.4912587 -0.108365062 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 117 Greece 0.4947356 0.055808489 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 118 Congo, Rep. 0.4971585 -0.139012509 1977/1982 1982/1987
## 119 Lesotho 0.5010011 -0.029187219 1972/1977 1982/1987
## 120 Japan 0.5231855 -0.007356635 1957/1962 1997/2002
## 121 Israel 0.5233889 0.040642038 1967/1972 1972/1977
## 122 Iraq 0.5338531 -0.678308300 1972/1977 1987/1992
## 123 Taiwan 0.5365889 0.149880197 1967/1972 1997/2002
## 124 Korea, Rep. 0.5365921 0.032771620 1972/1977 1957/1962
## 125 Myanmar 0.5450082 -0.100515464 2002/2007 1962/1967
## 126 Thailand 0.5479157 0.010347840 1987/1992 1997/2002
## 127 Eritrea 0.5672256 -0.162151642 1992/1997 1997/2002
## 128 Trinidad and Tobago 0.5713408 -0.189804853 2002/2007 1982/1987
## 129 China 0.5898263 -0.153324611 2002/2007 1957/1962
## 130 Iran 0.6276037 -0.360030807 1967/1972 1977/1982
## 131 Jamaica 0.6410126 -0.105421764 1952/1957 1972/1977
## 132 Nigeria 0.6740909 -0.204332948 1967/1972 1977/1982
## 133 Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.7268726 -0.546235106 1967/1972 1992/1997
## 134 Singapore 0.7273525 0.074691763 1967/1972 1997/2002
## 135 Angola 0.7297996 -0.450303483 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 136 Botswana 0.8635003 0.071247139 1967/1972 1957/1962
## 137 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.8715214 -0.409663027 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 138 Gabon 0.9071805 -0.304991331 1972/1977 1977/1982
## 139 Cambodia 0.9122171 -0.194501344 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 140 Oman 1.2491352 0.003694085 1967/1972 1997/2002
## 141 Equatorial Guinea 1.7370931 -0.265601581 1997/2002 1967/1972
## 142 Libya 1.7782546 -0.322137576 1962/1967 1982/1987By looking at the last several countries, we can see Oman, Equatorial Guinea and Libya attained relatively greatest increasing rate of GDP per Capita between 1967 and 1972, 1997 and 2002, and 1962 and 1967, respectively. We may wonder why this happens. By looking up on Google, we know several facts about these three countries: (1) Libya joined in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) in 1962; (2) A latge oil reserves was discovered in 1996 in Equotorial Guinea, and its subsequent exploitation has made Equatorial Guinea become one of sub-Saharan Africa’s largest oil producers; (3) Oil reserves in Oman were discovered in 1964 and extraction began in 1967; (4) The Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said has been the hereditary leader of Oman since 1970. These can be considered as possible explanations of the sudden increase in GDP per Captita of these countries.
Similarly, on the other hand, we can look at the opposite cases.
arrange(gdp.extreme.rate,min.rate)## country max.rate min.rate max.period min.period
## 1 Iraq 0.5338531 -0.678308300 1972/1977 1987/1992
## 2 Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.7268726 -0.546235106 1967/1972 1992/1997
## 3 Kuwait 0.3517279 -0.470956158 1967/1972 1977/1982
## 4 Sierra Leone 0.2331000 -0.462290485 2002/2007 1992/1997
## 5 Angola 0.7297996 -0.450303483 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 6 Serbia 0.3907992 -0.412441584 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.8715214 -0.409663027 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 8 Montenegro 0.4112585 -0.403082637 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 9 Comoros 0.3336878 -0.394809786 1962/1967 1972/1977
## 10 Croatia 0.3907992 -0.388841123 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 11 Saudi Arabia 0.4694052 -0.370844060 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 12 Nicaragua 0.2776357 -0.367462007 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 13 West Bank and Gaza 0.2055140 -0.364969955 1952/1957 1997/2002
## 14 Iran 0.6276037 -0.360030807 1967/1972 1977/1982
## 15 Albania 0.4419458 -0.332045244 1997/2002 1987/1992
## 16 Libya 1.7782546 -0.322137576 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 17 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.1605523 -0.319654701 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 18 Romania 0.3707016 -0.319490107 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 19 Cameroon 0.3277670 -0.311027802 1977/1982 1987/1992
## 20 Mozambique 0.3414274 -0.307066635 1997/2002 1972/1977
## 21 Gabon 0.9071805 -0.304991331 1972/1977 1977/1982
## 22 Zimbabwe 0.4028942 -0.301068001 1967/1972 2002/2007
## 23 Peru 0.3130561 -0.300987194 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 24 Chad 0.4738717 -0.296367998 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 25 Lebanon 0.2815120 -0.296240090 1987/1992 1982/1987
## 26 Guinea-Bissau 0.4400200 -0.277356101 1952/1957 1997/2002
## 27 Gambia 0.2253524 -0.268183982 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 28 Burundi 0.1982415 -0.266874723 1972/1977 1992/1997
## 29 Ethiopia 0.3032751 -0.265603758 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 30 Equatorial Guinea 1.7370931 -0.265601581 1997/2002 1967/1972
## 31 Niger 0.1941809 -0.265380057 1957/1962 1982/1987
## 32 Cuba 0.4112288 -0.257546818 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 33 Slovenia 0.3907992 -0.238981169 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 34 Afghanistan 0.3410412 -0.238216231 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 35 Mongolia 0.4461230 -0.236357710 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 36 Cote d'Ivoire 0.1869320 -0.235926121 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 37 Bulgaria 0.4140257 -0.235105039 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 38 Jordan 0.4589422 -0.230119194 1977/1982 1967/1972
## 39 Ecuador 0.2648419 -0.222951908 1972/1977 1997/2002
## 40 Liberia 0.2578650 -0.220092017 1987/1992 2002/2007
## 41 Slovak Republic 0.3695005 -0.210911641 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 42 Bolivia 0.1905045 -0.205294368 1972/1977 1952/1957
## 43 Sudan 0.3273791 -0.204545449 1972/1977 1982/1987
## 44 Nigeria 0.6740909 -0.204332948 1967/1972 1977/1982
## 45 Djibouti 0.2232287 -0.202821846 1967/1972 1992/1997
## 46 El Salvador 0.1598913 -0.202489573 1992/1997 1977/1982
## 47 Haiti 0.1393879 -0.201153736 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 48 Rwanda 0.3317418 -0.199607053 1997/2002 1992/1997
## 49 Argentina 0.4525917 -0.197828527 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 50 Sao Tome and Principe 0.2923701 -0.197698169 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 51 Cambodia 0.9122171 -0.194501344 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 52 Uganda 0.2676127 -0.191372015 1992/1997 1977/1982
## 53 Trinidad and Tobago 0.5713408 -0.189804853 2002/2007 1982/1987
## 54 Somalia 0.1565600 -0.188964092 1972/1977 1977/1982
## 55 Hungary 0.2673285 -0.188723306 1997/2002 1987/1992
## 56 Vietnam 0.4012784 -0.174763316 1992/1997 1962/1967
## 57 Syria 0.3663801 -0.171475613 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 58 Uruguay 0.3732963 -0.162860184 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 59 Eritrea 0.5672256 -0.162151642 1992/1997 1997/2002
## 60 Philippines 0.2160955 -0.158891768 1952/1957 1982/1987
## 61 Ghana 0.1939095 -0.157015811 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 62 Madagascar 0.1678145 -0.156291582 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 63 Algeria 0.2881658 -0.153670480 1967/1972 1957/1962
## 64 Venezuela 0.3266406 -0.153504313 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 65 China 0.5898263 -0.153324611 2002/2007 1957/1962
## 66 Poland 0.3127975 -0.147920940 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 67 Reunion 0.2670215 -0.144196460 1962/1967 1972/1977
## 68 Togo 0.3841204 -0.139662508 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 69 Congo, Rep. 0.4971585 -0.139012509 1977/1982 1982/1987
## 70 Zambia 0.2232710 -0.138685612 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 71 Central African Republic 0.1115770 -0.137574254 1952/1957 1977/1982
## 72 Chile 0.3693958 -0.134193178 1987/1992 1972/1977
## 73 Burkina Faso 0.1728797 -0.130272906 2002/2007 1972/1977
## 74 Bangladesh 0.2242745 -0.126115106 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 75 Czech Republic 0.2976265 -0.123443743 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 76 Guatemala 0.2432905 -0.119076742 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 77 Namibia 0.2104820 -0.118672691 1957/1962 1982/1987
## 78 Malawi 0.2291829 -0.113792877 1992/1997 1987/1992
## 79 Costa Rica 0.2488027 -0.112056015 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 80 Brazil 0.4536177 -0.109747955 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 81 Paraguay 0.3109650 -0.109178789 1977/1982 1997/2002
## 82 Swaziland 0.4912587 -0.108365062 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 83 Jamaica 0.6410126 -0.105421764 1952/1957 1972/1977
## 84 Indonesia 0.4573211 -0.102271334 1967/1972 1962/1967
## 85 Myanmar 0.5450082 -0.100515464 2002/2007 1962/1967
## 86 Mali 0.2039230 -0.099623655 1997/2002 1977/1982
## 87 Benin 0.2416884 -0.097060368 1977/1982 1952/1957
## 88 Mexico 0.2560507 -0.096033438 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 89 Tanzania 0.2318029 -0.091688720 2002/2007 1977/1982
## 90 South Africa 0.2332833 -0.086650299 1962/1967 1982/1987
## 91 Iceland 0.2869267 -0.066069927 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 92 Guinea 0.1910688 -0.060283306 1957/1962 1982/1987
## 93 Colombia 0.2187343 -0.059192475 1967/1972 1997/2002
## 94 Panama 0.3334887 -0.059139896 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 95 Mauritania 0.3459139 -0.056312479 1962/1967 1972/1977
## 96 Kenya 0.1781227 -0.053635496 1962/1967 1997/2002
## 97 Senegal 0.1268968 -0.051203642 2002/2007 1987/1992
## 98 Tunisia 0.4248307 -0.049877003 1967/1972 1952/1957
## 99 Yemen, Rep. 0.4668196 -0.046783447 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 100 Morocco 0.2281764 -0.046071081 1972/1977 1957/1962
## 101 Bahrain 0.2731417 -0.035766903 2002/2007 1982/1987
## 102 New Zealand 0.1601674 -0.033874881 1952/1957 1987/1992
## 103 Honduras 0.2661690 -0.031605271 1972/1977 1982/1987
## 104 Lesotho 0.5010011 -0.029187219 1972/1977 1982/1987
## 105 Finland 0.3147184 -0.023359678 1967/1972 1987/1992
## 106 Egypt 0.3762265 -0.023344855 1972/1977 1987/1992
## 107 Mauritius 0.4408875 -0.021225185 1972/1977 1962/1967
## 108 Turkey 0.2996566 -0.014139997 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 109 Malaysia 0.3922824 -0.011504300 1992/1997 1952/1957
## 110 Canada 0.1941768 -0.010652193 1962/1967 1987/1992
## 111 Sri Lanka 0.3166158 -0.010138536 2002/2007 1952/1957
## 112 Switzerland 0.2155020 -0.007825763 1952/1957 1972/1977
## 113 Japan 0.5231855 -0.007356635 1957/1962 1997/2002
## 114 Dominican Republic 0.3242088 -0.005062371 1967/1972 1962/1967
## 115 Nepal 0.1574301 -0.002445288 1987/1992 1967/1972
## 116 Oman 1.2491352 0.003694085 1967/1972 1997/2002
## 117 Netherlands 0.2610974 0.008977355 1952/1957 1977/1982
## 118 Thailand 0.5479157 0.010347840 1987/1992 1997/2002
## 119 Sweden 0.2439057 0.012425846 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 120 Pakistan 0.2452488 0.021158860 2002/2007 1997/2002
## 121 Italy 0.3192568 0.021510992 1957/1962 2002/2007
## 122 Puerto Rico 0.3564625 0.025090831 1962/1967 2002/2007
## 123 Portugal 0.4182539 0.026976235 1967/1972 2002/2007
## 124 Korea, Rep. 0.5365921 0.032771620 1972/1977 1957/1962
## 125 India 0.4038546 0.033194766 2002/2007 1967/1972
## 126 United States 0.2075799 0.038920838 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 127 Israel 0.5233889 0.040642038 1967/1972 1972/1977
## 128 United Kingdom 0.1882560 0.046112092 1982/1987 1977/1982
## 129 France 0.2390226 0.048008359 1967/1972 1992/1997
## 130 Germany 0.4260447 0.048427327 1952/1957 1992/1997
## 131 Denmark 0.2237595 0.051383780 1957/1962 1987/1992
## 132 Spain 0.4038868 0.052070175 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 133 Greece 0.4947356 0.055808489 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 134 Australia 0.1889871 0.062332249 1962/1967 1977/1982
## 135 Hong Kong, China 0.3762186 0.064536144 1982/1987 1997/2002
## 136 Botswana 0.8635003 0.071247139 1967/1972 1957/1962
## 137 Belgium 0.2679361 0.073676289 1967/1972 1982/1987
## 138 Ireland 0.3965604 0.074621233 1992/1997 1952/1957
## 139 Singapore 0.7273525 0.074691763 1967/1972 1997/2002
## 140 Austria 0.4408486 0.075952243 1952/1957 1992/1997
## 141 Norway 0.2291738 0.076874173 1972/1977 1987/1992
## 142 Taiwan 0.5365889 0.149880197 1967/1972 1997/2002For the most extreme three cases, Iraq between 1987 and 1992, Korea(Dem.Rep.) between 1992 and 1997, and Kuwait between 1977 and 1982, we have the following facts from Google:(1) The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait; (2) The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion, and South Korea was one of the most affected countries in the crisis; (3) In the early 1980s, Kuwait experienced a major economic crisis after the Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash and decrease in oil price.
What’s more, we may also interested in some specific country, such as France and Thailand for example.
country.gdp = filter(gdp.rate.t, country == "France" | country == "Thailand")
p = ggplot(country.gdp, aes(x=period,y=rate, group=country))
p +geom_line(aes(colour = country))+geom_point()
From the plot, we can see for Thailand, there is a sudden increase in GDP per Capita during 1987 to 1992 (but I haven’t inspected any historical events as potential explanations). On the other hand, between 1997 and 2002, the increasing rate of GDP per Capita attained its minimum. This may due to the Asian financial contgion beginning at 1997. For France, we can see the increasing rate in GDP per Capita is relatively static but the rate is decreasing over years.
Discussion
In this part, I found it very interesting to first detect some patterns or characteristics within data by statistical methods and then try to explain such phenomenon from the context or subject matters. plyr::ddply is a very useful and flexible data manipulation tool. For further reference: plyr:ddply, and dplyr.