library(ggplot2)
library(plyr)
library(dplyr)
## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:plyr':
## 
##     arrange, count, desc, failwith, id, mutate, rename, summarise,
##     summarize
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## 
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
gm = read.delim('http://www.stat.ubc.ca/~jenny/notOcto/STAT545A/examples/gapminder/data/gapminderDataFiveYear.txt')

Get the maximum and minimum of GPD per capita for all continents

by_continent = group_by(gm, continent, add = FALSE)
extreme.gdp = summarise(by_continent,
  maxGDP = max(gdpPercap, na.rm = TRUE),
  country.maxGDP = country[which.max(gdpPercap)],
  year.maxGDP = year[which.max(gdpPercap)],
  minGDP = min(gdpPercap, na.rm = TRUE),
  country.minGDP = country[which.min(gdpPercap)],
  year.minGDP = year[which.min(gdpPercap)])
knitr::kable(extreme.gdp)
continent maxGDP country.maxGDP year.maxGDP minGDP country.minGDP year.minGDP
Africa 21951.21 Libya 1977 241.1659 Congo, Dem. Rep. 2002
Americas 42951.65 United States 2007 1201.6372 Haiti 2007
Asia 113523.13 Kuwait 1957 331.0000 Myanmar 1952
Europe 49357.19 Norway 2007 973.5332 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1952
Oceania 34435.37 Australia 2007 10039.5956 Australia 1952

The above table shows the maximum and the minimum GDP per capita for each continent, with their corresponding country name and the year it happens. For example, the minimum of GDP per capita within Africa from 1952 to 2007 in increments of 5 years (so there will be 12 observations within each country) is 241.1659, which is in Congo, in 2002; the maximum of GDP per capita within Asia during from 1952 to 2007 with increments of 5 years is 113523.1, which is in Kuwait, in 1957.

p = ggplot(gm, aes(x=gdpPercap, y=country))
p+geom_point(aes(colour = continent))

p = ggplot(by_continent, aes(x=gdpPercap,y=continent))
p+geom_point(aes(colour = continent))

By looking at the plots drawn by package ggplot2, we can see that in the first plot, where the scatter plot of the variable “gdpPercap” is drawn in relation to the variable “country”, due to the large number of countries, the name of each country is not discernible. In the second plot, where the scatter plot of the variable “gdpPercap” is drawn in relation to the variable “continent”, both the maximum points for all continent are discernible, and we can extract further information that the country attained the maximum GDP per capita around all continents from 1952 to 2007 is in Asia, whereas the minimum points for all continents are not quite discernible due to the heavy tail.

Look at the spread of GDP per capita within the continents

To look at the spread of GDP per capita within the continents, we first use filter() from dplyr to obtain data.frames including observations from the same continent.

data.africa = filter(gm, continent == "Africa")
data.asia = filter(gm, continent == "Asia")
data.europe = filter(gm, continent == "Europe")
data.americas = filter(gm, continent == "Americas")
data.oceania = filter(gm, continent == "Oceania")

We can look at the data.africa as an example of how filter works here.

data.africa
##                      country year       pop continent lifeExp  gdpPercap
## 1                    Algeria 1952   9279525    Africa  43.077  2449.0082
## 2                    Algeria 1957  10270856    Africa  45.685  3013.9760
## 3                    Algeria 1962  11000948    Africa  48.303  2550.8169
## 4                    Algeria 1967  12760499    Africa  51.407  3246.9918
## 5                    Algeria 1972  14760787    Africa  54.518  4182.6638
## 6                    Algeria 1977  17152804    Africa  58.014  4910.4168
## 7                    Algeria 1982  20033753    Africa  61.368  5745.1602
## 8                    Algeria 1987  23254956    Africa  65.799  5681.3585
## 9                    Algeria 1992  26298373    Africa  67.744  5023.2166
## 10                   Algeria 1997  29072015    Africa  69.152  4797.2951
## 11                   Algeria 2002  31287142    Africa  70.994  5288.0404
## 12                   Algeria 2007  33333216    Africa  72.301  6223.3675
## 13                    Angola 1952   4232095    Africa  30.015  3520.6103
## 14                    Angola 1957   4561361    Africa  31.999  3827.9405
## 15                    Angola 1962   4826015    Africa  34.000  4269.2767
## 16                    Angola 1967   5247469    Africa  35.985  5522.7764
## 17                    Angola 1972   5894858    Africa  37.928  5473.2880
## 18                    Angola 1977   6162675    Africa  39.483  3008.6474
## 19                    Angola 1982   7016384    Africa  39.942  2756.9537
## 20                    Angola 1987   7874230    Africa  39.906  2430.2083
## 21                    Angola 1992   8735988    Africa  40.647  2627.8457
## 22                    Angola 1997   9875024    Africa  40.963  2277.1409
## 23                    Angola 2002  10866106    Africa  41.003  2773.2873
## 24                    Angola 2007  12420476    Africa  42.731  4797.2313
## 25                     Benin 1952   1738315    Africa  38.223  1062.7522
## 26                     Benin 1957   1925173    Africa  40.358   959.6011
## 27                     Benin 1962   2151895    Africa  42.618   949.4991
## 28                     Benin 1967   2427334    Africa  44.885  1035.8314
## 29                     Benin 1972   2761407    Africa  47.014  1085.7969
## 30                     Benin 1977   3168267    Africa  49.190  1029.1613
## 31                     Benin 1982   3641603    Africa  50.904  1277.8976
## 32                     Benin 1987   4243788    Africa  52.337  1225.8560
## 33                     Benin 1992   4981671    Africa  53.919  1191.2077
## 34                     Benin 1997   6066080    Africa  54.777  1232.9753
## 35                     Benin 2002   7026113    Africa  54.406  1372.8779
## 36                     Benin 2007   8078314    Africa  56.728  1441.2849
## 37                  Botswana 1952    442308    Africa  47.622   851.2411
## 38                  Botswana 1957    474639    Africa  49.618   918.2325
## 39                  Botswana 1962    512764    Africa  51.520   983.6540
## 40                  Botswana 1967    553541    Africa  53.298  1214.7093
## 41                  Botswana 1972    619351    Africa  56.024  2263.6111
## 42                  Botswana 1977    781472    Africa  59.319  3214.8578
## 43                  Botswana 1982    970347    Africa  61.484  4551.1421
## 44                  Botswana 1987   1151184    Africa  63.622  6205.8839
## 45                  Botswana 1992   1342614    Africa  62.745  7954.1116
## 46                  Botswana 1997   1536536    Africa  52.556  8647.1423
## 47                  Botswana 2002   1630347    Africa  46.634 11003.6051
## 48                  Botswana 2007   1639131    Africa  50.728 12569.8518
## 49              Burkina Faso 1952   4469979    Africa  31.975   543.2552
## 50              Burkina Faso 1957   4713416    Africa  34.906   617.1835
## 51              Burkina Faso 1962   4919632    Africa  37.814   722.5120
## 52              Burkina Faso 1967   5127935    Africa  40.697   794.8266
## 53              Burkina Faso 1972   5433886    Africa  43.591   854.7360
## 54              Burkina Faso 1977   5889574    Africa  46.137   743.3870
## 55              Burkina Faso 1982   6634596    Africa  48.122   807.1986
## 56              Burkina Faso 1987   7586551    Africa  49.557   912.0631
## 57              Burkina Faso 1992   8878303    Africa  50.260   931.7528
## 58              Burkina Faso 1997  10352843    Africa  50.324   946.2950
## 59              Burkina Faso 2002  12251209    Africa  50.650  1037.6452
## 60              Burkina Faso 2007  14326203    Africa  52.295  1217.0330
## 61                   Burundi 1952   2445618    Africa  39.031   339.2965
## 62                   Burundi 1957   2667518    Africa  40.533   379.5646
## 63                   Burundi 1962   2961915    Africa  42.045   355.2032
## 64                   Burundi 1967   3330989    Africa  43.548   412.9775
## 65                   Burundi 1972   3529983    Africa  44.057   464.0995
## 66                   Burundi 1977   3834415    Africa  45.910   556.1033
## 67                   Burundi 1982   4580410    Africa  47.471   559.6032
## 68                   Burundi 1987   5126023    Africa  48.211   621.8188
## 69                   Burundi 1992   5809236    Africa  44.736   631.6999
## 70                   Burundi 1997   6121610    Africa  45.326   463.1151
## 71                   Burundi 2002   7021078    Africa  47.360   446.4035
## 72                   Burundi 2007   8390505    Africa  49.580   430.0707
## 73                  Cameroon 1952   5009067    Africa  38.523  1172.6677
## 74                  Cameroon 1957   5359923    Africa  40.428  1313.0481
## 75                  Cameroon 1962   5793633    Africa  42.643  1399.6074
## 76                  Cameroon 1967   6335506    Africa  44.799  1508.4531
## 77                  Cameroon 1972   7021028    Africa  47.049  1684.1465
## 78                  Cameroon 1977   7959865    Africa  49.355  1783.4329
## 79                  Cameroon 1982   9250831    Africa  52.961  2367.9833
## 80                  Cameroon 1987  10780667    Africa  54.985  2602.6642
## 81                  Cameroon 1992  12467171    Africa  54.314  1793.1633
## 82                  Cameroon 1997  14195809    Africa  52.199  1694.3375
## 83                  Cameroon 2002  15929988    Africa  49.856  1934.0114
## 84                  Cameroon 2007  17696293    Africa  50.430  2042.0952
## 85  Central African Republic 1952   1291695    Africa  35.463  1071.3107
## 86  Central African Republic 1957   1392284    Africa  37.464  1190.8443
## 87  Central African Republic 1962   1523478    Africa  39.475  1193.0688
## 88  Central African Republic 1967   1733638    Africa  41.478  1136.0566
## 89  Central African Republic 1972   1927260    Africa  43.457  1070.0133
## 90  Central African Republic 1977   2167533    Africa  46.775  1109.3743
## 91  Central African Republic 1982   2476971    Africa  48.295   956.7530
## 92  Central African Republic 1987   2840009    Africa  50.485   844.8764
## 93  Central African Republic 1992   3265124    Africa  49.396   747.9055
## 94  Central African Republic 1997   3696513    Africa  46.066   740.5063
## 95  Central African Republic 2002   4048013    Africa  43.308   738.6906
## 96  Central African Republic 2007   4369038    Africa  44.741   706.0165
## 97                      Chad 1952   2682462    Africa  38.092  1178.6659
## 98                      Chad 1957   2894855    Africa  39.881  1308.4956
## 99                      Chad 1962   3150417    Africa  41.716  1389.8176
## 100                     Chad 1967   3495967    Africa  43.601  1196.8106
## 101                     Chad 1972   3899068    Africa  45.569  1104.1040
## 102                     Chad 1977   4388260    Africa  47.383  1133.9850
## 103                     Chad 1982   4875118    Africa  49.517   797.9081
## 104                     Chad 1987   5498955    Africa  51.051   952.3861
## 105                     Chad 1992   6429417    Africa  51.724  1058.0643
## 106                     Chad 1997   7562011    Africa  51.573  1004.9614
## 107                     Chad 2002   8835739    Africa  50.525  1156.1819
## 108                     Chad 2007  10238807    Africa  50.651  1704.0637
## 109                  Comoros 1952    153936    Africa  40.715  1102.9909
## 110                  Comoros 1957    170928    Africa  42.460  1211.1485
## 111                  Comoros 1962    191689    Africa  44.467  1406.6483
## 112                  Comoros 1967    217378    Africa  46.472  1876.0296
## 113                  Comoros 1972    250027    Africa  48.944  1937.5777
## 114                  Comoros 1977    304739    Africa  50.939  1172.6030
## 115                  Comoros 1982    348643    Africa  52.933  1267.1001
## 116                  Comoros 1987    395114    Africa  54.926  1315.9808
## 117                  Comoros 1992    454429    Africa  57.939  1246.9074
## 118                  Comoros 1997    527982    Africa  60.660  1173.6182
## 119                  Comoros 2002    614382    Africa  62.974  1075.8116
## 120                  Comoros 2007    710960    Africa  65.152   986.1479
## 121         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1952  14100005    Africa  39.143   780.5423
## 122         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1957  15577932    Africa  40.652   905.8602
## 123         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1962  17486434    Africa  42.122   896.3146
## 124         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1967  19941073    Africa  44.056   861.5932
## 125         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1972  23007669    Africa  45.989   904.8961
## 126         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1977  26480870    Africa  47.804   795.7573
## 127         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1982  30646495    Africa  47.784   673.7478
## 128         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1987  35481645    Africa  47.412   672.7748
## 129         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1992  41672143    Africa  45.548   457.7192
## 130         Congo, Dem. Rep. 1997  47798986    Africa  42.587   312.1884
## 131         Congo, Dem. Rep. 2002  55379852    Africa  44.966   241.1659
## 132         Congo, Dem. Rep. 2007  64606759    Africa  46.462   277.5519
## 133              Congo, Rep. 1952    854885    Africa  42.111  2125.6214
## 134              Congo, Rep. 1957    940458    Africa  45.053  2315.0566
## 135              Congo, Rep. 1962   1047924    Africa  48.435  2464.7832
## 136              Congo, Rep. 1967   1179760    Africa  52.040  2677.9396
## 137              Congo, Rep. 1972   1340458    Africa  54.907  3213.1527
## 138              Congo, Rep. 1977   1536769    Africa  55.625  3259.1790
## 139              Congo, Rep. 1982   1774735    Africa  56.695  4879.5075
## 140              Congo, Rep. 1987   2064095    Africa  57.470  4201.1949
## 141              Congo, Rep. 1992   2409073    Africa  56.433  4016.2395
## 142              Congo, Rep. 1997   2800947    Africa  52.962  3484.1644
## 143              Congo, Rep. 2002   3328795    Africa  52.970  3484.0620
## 144              Congo, Rep. 2007   3800610    Africa  55.322  3632.5578
## 145            Cote d'Ivoire 1952   2977019    Africa  40.477  1388.5947
## 146            Cote d'Ivoire 1957   3300000    Africa  42.469  1500.8959
## 147            Cote d'Ivoire 1962   3832408    Africa  44.930  1728.8694
## 148            Cote d'Ivoire 1967   4744870    Africa  47.350  2052.0505
## 149            Cote d'Ivoire 1972   6071696    Africa  49.801  2378.2011
## 150            Cote d'Ivoire 1977   7459574    Africa  52.374  2517.7365
## 151            Cote d'Ivoire 1982   9025951    Africa  53.983  2602.7102
## 152            Cote d'Ivoire 1987  10761098    Africa  54.655  2156.9561
## 153            Cote d'Ivoire 1992  12772596    Africa  52.044  1648.0738
## 154            Cote d'Ivoire 1997  14625967    Africa  47.991  1786.2654
## 155            Cote d'Ivoire 2002  16252726    Africa  46.832  1648.8008
## 156            Cote d'Ivoire 2007  18013409    Africa  48.328  1544.7501
## 157                 Djibouti 1952     63149    Africa  34.812  2669.5295
## 158                 Djibouti 1957     71851    Africa  37.328  2864.9691
## 159                 Djibouti 1962     89898    Africa  39.693  3020.9893
## 160                 Djibouti 1967    127617    Africa  42.074  3020.0505
## 161                 Djibouti 1972    178848    Africa  44.366  3694.2124
## 162                 Djibouti 1977    228694    Africa  46.519  3081.7610
## 163                 Djibouti 1982    305991    Africa  48.812  2879.4681
## 164                 Djibouti 1987    311025    Africa  50.040  2880.1026
## 165                 Djibouti 1992    384156    Africa  51.604  2377.1562
## 166                 Djibouti 1997    417908    Africa  53.157  1895.0170
## 167                 Djibouti 2002    447416    Africa  53.373  1908.2609
## 168                 Djibouti 2007    496374    Africa  54.791  2082.4816
## 169                    Egypt 1952  22223309    Africa  41.893  1418.8224
## 170                    Egypt 1957  25009741    Africa  44.444  1458.9153
## 171                    Egypt 1962  28173309    Africa  46.992  1693.3359
## 172                    Egypt 1967  31681188    Africa  49.293  1814.8807
## 173                    Egypt 1972  34807417    Africa  51.137  2024.0081
## 174                    Egypt 1977  38783863    Africa  53.319  2785.4936
## 175                    Egypt 1982  45681811    Africa  56.006  3503.7296
## 176                    Egypt 1987  52799062    Africa  59.797  3885.4607
## 177                    Egypt 1992  59402198    Africa  63.674  3794.7552
## 178                    Egypt 1997  66134291    Africa  67.217  4173.1818
## 179                    Egypt 2002  73312559    Africa  69.806  4754.6044
## 180                    Egypt 2007  80264543    Africa  71.338  5581.1810
## 181        Equatorial Guinea 1952    216964    Africa  34.482   375.6431
## 182        Equatorial Guinea 1957    232922    Africa  35.983   426.0964
## 183        Equatorial Guinea 1962    249220    Africa  37.485   582.8420
## 184        Equatorial Guinea 1967    259864    Africa  38.987   915.5960
## 185        Equatorial Guinea 1972    277603    Africa  40.516   672.4123
## 186        Equatorial Guinea 1977    192675    Africa  42.024   958.5668
## 187        Equatorial Guinea 1982    285483    Africa  43.662   927.8253
## 188        Equatorial Guinea 1987    341244    Africa  45.664   966.8968
## 189        Equatorial Guinea 1992    387838    Africa  47.545  1132.0550
## 190        Equatorial Guinea 1997    439971    Africa  48.245  2814.4808
## 191        Equatorial Guinea 2002    495627    Africa  49.348  7703.4959
## 192        Equatorial Guinea 2007    551201    Africa  51.579 12154.0897
## 193                  Eritrea 1952   1438760    Africa  35.928   328.9406
## 194                  Eritrea 1957   1542611    Africa  38.047   344.1619
## 195                  Eritrea 1962   1666618    Africa  40.158   380.9958
## 196                  Eritrea 1967   1820319    Africa  42.189   468.7950
## 197                  Eritrea 1972   2260187    Africa  44.142   514.3242
## 198                  Eritrea 1977   2512642    Africa  44.535   505.7538
## 199                  Eritrea 1982   2637297    Africa  43.890   524.8758
## 200                  Eritrea 1987   2915959    Africa  46.453   521.1341
## 201                  Eritrea 1992   3668440    Africa  49.991   582.8585
## 202                  Eritrea 1997   4058319    Africa  53.378   913.4708
## 203                  Eritrea 2002   4414865    Africa  55.240   765.3500
## 204                  Eritrea 2007   4906585    Africa  58.040   641.3695
## 205                 Ethiopia 1952  20860941    Africa  34.078   362.1463
## 206                 Ethiopia 1957  22815614    Africa  36.667   378.9042
## 207                 Ethiopia 1962  25145372    Africa  40.059   419.4564
## 208                 Ethiopia 1967  27860297    Africa  42.115   516.1186
## 209                 Ethiopia 1972  30770372    Africa  43.515   566.2439
## 210                 Ethiopia 1977  34617799    Africa  44.510   556.8084
## 211                 Ethiopia 1982  38111756    Africa  44.916   577.8607
## 212                 Ethiopia 1987  42999530    Africa  46.684   573.7413
## 213                 Ethiopia 1992  52088559    Africa  48.091   421.3535
## 214                 Ethiopia 1997  59861301    Africa  49.402   515.8894
## 215                 Ethiopia 2002  67946797    Africa  50.725   530.0535
## 216                 Ethiopia 2007  76511887    Africa  52.947   690.8056
## 217                    Gabon 1952    420702    Africa  37.003  4293.4765
## 218                    Gabon 1957    434904    Africa  38.999  4976.1981
## 219                    Gabon 1962    455661    Africa  40.489  6631.4592
## 220                    Gabon 1967    489004    Africa  44.598  8358.7620
## 221                    Gabon 1972    537977    Africa  48.690 11401.9484
## 222                    Gabon 1977    706367    Africa  52.790 21745.5733
## 223                    Gabon 1982    753874    Africa  56.564 15113.3619
## 224                    Gabon 1987    880397    Africa  60.190 11864.4084
## 225                    Gabon 1992    985739    Africa  61.366 13522.1575
## 226                    Gabon 1997   1126189    Africa  60.461 14722.8419
## 227                    Gabon 2002   1299304    Africa  56.761 12521.7139
## 228                    Gabon 2007   1454867    Africa  56.735 13206.4845
## 229                   Gambia 1952    284320    Africa  30.000   485.2307
## 230                   Gambia 1957    323150    Africa  32.065   520.9267
## 231                   Gambia 1962    374020    Africa  33.896   599.6503
## 232                   Gambia 1967    439593    Africa  35.857   734.7829
## 233                   Gambia 1972    517101    Africa  38.308   756.0868
## 234                   Gambia 1977    608274    Africa  41.842   884.7553
## 235                   Gambia 1982    715523    Africa  45.580   835.8096
## 236                   Gambia 1987    848406    Africa  49.265   611.6589
## 237                   Gambia 1992   1025384    Africa  52.644   665.6244
## 238                   Gambia 1997   1235767    Africa  55.861   653.7302
## 239                   Gambia 2002   1457766    Africa  58.041   660.5856
## 240                   Gambia 2007   1688359    Africa  59.448   752.7497
## 241                    Ghana 1952   5581001    Africa  43.149   911.2989
## 242                    Ghana 1957   6391288    Africa  44.779  1043.5615
## 243                    Ghana 1962   7355248    Africa  46.452  1190.0411
## 244                    Ghana 1967   8490213    Africa  48.072  1125.6972
## 245                    Ghana 1972   9354120    Africa  49.875  1178.2237
## 246                    Ghana 1977  10538093    Africa  51.756   993.2240
## 247                    Ghana 1982  11400338    Africa  53.744   876.0326
## 248                    Ghana 1987  14168101    Africa  55.729   847.0061
## 249                    Ghana 1992  16278738    Africa  57.501   925.0602
## 250                    Ghana 1997  18418288    Africa  58.556  1005.2458
## 251                    Ghana 2002  20550751    Africa  58.453  1111.9846
## 252                    Ghana 2007  22873338    Africa  60.022  1327.6089
## 253                   Guinea 1952   2664249    Africa  33.609   510.1965
## 254                   Guinea 1957   2876726    Africa  34.558   576.2670
## 255                   Guinea 1962   3140003    Africa  35.753   686.3737
## 256                   Guinea 1967   3451418    Africa  37.197   708.7595
## 257                   Guinea 1972   3811387    Africa  38.842   741.6662
## 258                   Guinea 1977   4227026    Africa  40.762   874.6859
## 259                   Guinea 1982   4710497    Africa  42.891   857.2504
## 260                   Guinea 1987   5650262    Africa  45.552   805.5725
## 261                   Guinea 1992   6990574    Africa  48.576   794.3484
## 262                   Guinea 1997   8048834    Africa  51.455   869.4498
## 263                   Guinea 2002   8807818    Africa  53.676   945.5836
## 264                   Guinea 2007   9947814    Africa  56.007   942.6542
## 265            Guinea-Bissau 1952    580653    Africa  32.500   299.8503
## 266            Guinea-Bissau 1957    601095    Africa  33.489   431.7905
## 267            Guinea-Bissau 1962    627820    Africa  34.488   522.0344
## 268            Guinea-Bissau 1967    601287    Africa  35.492   715.5806
## 269            Guinea-Bissau 1972    625361    Africa  36.486   820.2246
## 270            Guinea-Bissau 1977    745228    Africa  37.465   764.7260
## 271            Guinea-Bissau 1982    825987    Africa  39.327   838.1240
## 272            Guinea-Bissau 1987    927524    Africa  41.245   736.4154
## 273            Guinea-Bissau 1992   1050938    Africa  43.266   745.5399
## 274            Guinea-Bissau 1997   1193708    Africa  44.873   796.6645
## 275            Guinea-Bissau 2002   1332459    Africa  45.504   575.7047
## 276            Guinea-Bissau 2007   1472041    Africa  46.388   579.2317
## 277                    Kenya 1952   6464046    Africa  42.270   853.5409
## 278                    Kenya 1957   7454779    Africa  44.686   944.4383
## 279                    Kenya 1962   8678557    Africa  47.949   896.9664
## 280                    Kenya 1967  10191512    Africa  50.654  1056.7365
## 281                    Kenya 1972  12044785    Africa  53.559  1222.3600
## 282                    Kenya 1977  14500404    Africa  56.155  1267.6132
## 283                    Kenya 1982  17661452    Africa  58.766  1348.2258
## 284                    Kenya 1987  21198082    Africa  59.339  1361.9369
## 285                    Kenya 1992  25020539    Africa  59.285  1341.9217
## 286                    Kenya 1997  28263827    Africa  54.407  1360.4850
## 287                    Kenya 2002  31386842    Africa  50.992  1287.5147
## 288                    Kenya 2007  35610177    Africa  54.110  1463.2493
## 289                  Lesotho 1952    748747    Africa  42.138   298.8462
## 290                  Lesotho 1957    813338    Africa  45.047   335.9971
## 291                  Lesotho 1962    893143    Africa  47.747   411.8006
## 292                  Lesotho 1967    996380    Africa  48.492   498.6390
## 293                  Lesotho 1972   1116779    Africa  49.767   496.5816
## 294                  Lesotho 1977   1251524    Africa  52.208   745.3695
## 295                  Lesotho 1982   1411807    Africa  55.078   797.2631
## 296                  Lesotho 1987   1599200    Africa  57.180   773.9932
## 297                  Lesotho 1992   1803195    Africa  59.685   977.4863
## 298                  Lesotho 1997   1982823    Africa  55.558  1186.1480
## 299                  Lesotho 2002   2046772    Africa  44.593  1275.1846
## 300                  Lesotho 2007   2012649    Africa  42.592  1569.3314
## 301                  Liberia 1952    863308    Africa  38.480   575.5730
## 302                  Liberia 1957    975950    Africa  39.486   620.9700
## 303                  Liberia 1962   1112796    Africa  40.502   634.1952
## 304                  Liberia 1967   1279406    Africa  41.536   713.6036
## 305                  Liberia 1972   1482628    Africa  42.614   803.0055
## 306                  Liberia 1977   1703617    Africa  43.764   640.3224
## 307                  Liberia 1982   1956875    Africa  44.852   572.1996
## 308                  Liberia 1987   2269414    Africa  46.027   506.1139
## 309                  Liberia 1992   1912974    Africa  40.802   636.6229
## 310                  Liberia 1997   2200725    Africa  42.221   609.1740
## 311                  Liberia 2002   2814651    Africa  43.753   531.4824
## 312                  Liberia 2007   3193942    Africa  45.678   414.5073
## 313                    Libya 1952   1019729    Africa  42.723  2387.5481
## 314                    Libya 1957   1201578    Africa  45.289  3448.2844
## 315                    Libya 1962   1441863    Africa  47.808  6757.0308
## 316                    Libya 1967   1759224    Africa  50.227 18772.7517
## 317                    Libya 1972   2183877    Africa  52.773 21011.4972
## 318                    Libya 1977   2721783    Africa  57.442 21951.2118
## 319                    Libya 1982   3344074    Africa  62.155 17364.2754
## 320                    Libya 1987   3799845    Africa  66.234 11770.5898
## 321                    Libya 1992   4364501    Africa  68.755  9640.1385
## 322                    Libya 1997   4759670    Africa  71.555  9467.4461
## 323                    Libya 2002   5368585    Africa  72.737  9534.6775
## 324                    Libya 2007   6036914    Africa  73.952 12057.4993
## 325               Madagascar 1952   4762912    Africa  36.681  1443.0117
## 326               Madagascar 1957   5181679    Africa  38.865  1589.2027
## 327               Madagascar 1962   5703324    Africa  40.848  1643.3871
## 328               Madagascar 1967   6334556    Africa  42.881  1634.0473
## 329               Madagascar 1972   7082430    Africa  44.851  1748.5630
## 330               Madagascar 1977   8007166    Africa  46.881  1544.2286
## 331               Madagascar 1982   9171477    Africa  48.969  1302.8787
## 332               Madagascar 1987  10568642    Africa  49.350  1155.4419
## 333               Madagascar 1992  12210395    Africa  52.214  1040.6762
## 334               Madagascar 1997  14165114    Africa  54.978   986.2959
## 335               Madagascar 2002  16473477    Africa  57.286   894.6371
## 336               Madagascar 2007  19167654    Africa  59.443  1044.7701
## 337                   Malawi 1952   2917802    Africa  36.256   369.1651
## 338                   Malawi 1957   3221238    Africa  37.207   416.3698
## 339                   Malawi 1962   3628608    Africa  38.410   427.9011
## 340                   Malawi 1967   4147252    Africa  39.487   495.5148
## 341                   Malawi 1972   4730997    Africa  41.766   584.6220
## 342                   Malawi 1977   5637246    Africa  43.767   663.2237
## 343                   Malawi 1982   6502825    Africa  45.642   632.8039
## 344                   Malawi 1987   7824747    Africa  47.457   635.5174
## 345                   Malawi 1992  10014249    Africa  49.420   563.2000
## 346                   Malawi 1997  10419991    Africa  47.495   692.2758
## 347                   Malawi 2002  11824495    Africa  45.009   665.4231
## 348                   Malawi 2007  13327079    Africa  48.303   759.3499
## 349                     Mali 1952   3838168    Africa  33.685   452.3370
## 350                     Mali 1957   4241884    Africa  35.307   490.3822
## 351                     Mali 1962   4690372    Africa  36.936   496.1743
## 352                     Mali 1967   5212416    Africa  38.487   545.0099
## 353                     Mali 1972   5828158    Africa  39.977   581.3689
## 354                     Mali 1977   6491649    Africa  41.714   686.3953
## 355                     Mali 1982   6998256    Africa  43.916   618.0141
## 356                     Mali 1987   7634008    Africa  46.364   684.1716
## 357                     Mali 1992   8416215    Africa  48.388   739.0144
## 358                     Mali 1997   9384984    Africa  49.903   790.2580
## 359                     Mali 2002  10580176    Africa  51.818   951.4098
## 360                     Mali 2007  12031795    Africa  54.467  1042.5816
## 361               Mauritania 1952   1022556    Africa  40.543   743.1159
## 362               Mauritania 1957   1076852    Africa  42.338   846.1203
## 363               Mauritania 1962   1146757    Africa  44.248  1055.8960
## 364               Mauritania 1967   1230542    Africa  46.289  1421.1452
## 365               Mauritania 1972   1332786    Africa  48.437  1586.8518
## 366               Mauritania 1977   1456688    Africa  50.852  1497.4922
## 367               Mauritania 1982   1622136    Africa  53.599  1481.1502
## 368               Mauritania 1987   1841240    Africa  56.145  1421.6036
## 369               Mauritania 1992   2119465    Africa  58.333  1361.3698
## 370               Mauritania 1997   2444741    Africa  60.430  1483.1361
## 371               Mauritania 2002   2828858    Africa  62.247  1579.0195
## 372               Mauritania 2007   3270065    Africa  64.164  1803.1515
## 373                Mauritius 1952    516556    Africa  50.986  1967.9557
## 374                Mauritius 1957    609816    Africa  58.089  2034.0380
## 375                Mauritius 1962    701016    Africa  60.246  2529.0675
## 376                Mauritius 1967    789309    Africa  61.557  2475.3876
## 377                Mauritius 1972    851334    Africa  62.944  2575.4842
## 378                Mauritius 1977    913025    Africa  64.930  3710.9830
## 379                Mauritius 1982    992040    Africa  66.711  3688.0377
## 380                Mauritius 1987   1042663    Africa  68.740  4783.5869
## 381                Mauritius 1992   1096202    Africa  69.745  6058.2538
## 382                Mauritius 1997   1149818    Africa  70.736  7425.7053
## 383                Mauritius 2002   1200206    Africa  71.954  9021.8159
## 384                Mauritius 2007   1250882    Africa  72.801 10956.9911
## 385                  Morocco 1952   9939217    Africa  42.873  1688.2036
## 386                  Morocco 1957  11406350    Africa  45.423  1642.0023
## 387                  Morocco 1962  13056604    Africa  47.924  1566.3535
## 388                  Morocco 1967  14770296    Africa  50.335  1711.0448
## 389                  Morocco 1972  16660670    Africa  52.862  1930.1950
## 390                  Morocco 1977  18396941    Africa  55.730  2370.6200
## 391                  Morocco 1982  20198730    Africa  59.650  2702.6204
## 392                  Morocco 1987  22987397    Africa  62.677  2755.0470
## 393                  Morocco 1992  25798239    Africa  65.393  2948.0473
## 394                  Morocco 1997  28529501    Africa  67.660  2982.1019
## 395                  Morocco 2002  31167783    Africa  69.615  3258.4956
## 396                  Morocco 2007  33757175    Africa  71.164  3820.1752
## 397               Mozambique 1952   6446316    Africa  31.286   468.5260
## 398               Mozambique 1957   7038035    Africa  33.779   495.5868
## 399               Mozambique 1962   7788944    Africa  36.161   556.6864
## 400               Mozambique 1967   8680909    Africa  38.113   566.6692
## 401               Mozambique 1972   9809596    Africa  40.328   724.9178
## 402               Mozambique 1977  11127868    Africa  42.495   502.3197
## 403               Mozambique 1982  12587223    Africa  42.795   462.2114
## 404               Mozambique 1987  12891952    Africa  42.861   389.8762
## 405               Mozambique 1992  13160731    Africa  44.284   410.8968
## 406               Mozambique 1997  16603334    Africa  46.344   472.3461
## 407               Mozambique 2002  18473780    Africa  44.026   633.6179
## 408               Mozambique 2007  19951656    Africa  42.082   823.6856
## 409                  Namibia 1952    485831    Africa  41.725  2423.7804
## 410                  Namibia 1957    548080    Africa  45.226  2621.4481
## 411                  Namibia 1962    621392    Africa  48.386  3173.2156
## 412                  Namibia 1967    706640    Africa  51.159  3793.6948
## 413                  Namibia 1972    821782    Africa  53.867  3746.0809
## 414                  Namibia 1977    977026    Africa  56.437  3876.4860
## 415                  Namibia 1982   1099010    Africa  58.968  4191.1005
## 416                  Namibia 1987   1278184    Africa  60.835  3693.7313
## 417                  Namibia 1992   1554253    Africa  61.999  3804.5380
## 418                  Namibia 1997   1774766    Africa  58.909  3899.5243
## 419                  Namibia 2002   1972153    Africa  51.479  4072.3248
## 420                  Namibia 2007   2055080    Africa  52.906  4811.0604
## 421                    Niger 1952   3379468    Africa  37.444   761.8794
## 422                    Niger 1957   3692184    Africa  38.598   835.5234
## 423                    Niger 1962   4076008    Africa  39.487   997.7661
## 424                    Niger 1967   4534062    Africa  40.118  1054.3849
## 425                    Niger 1972   5060262    Africa  40.546   954.2092
## 426                    Niger 1977   5682086    Africa  41.291   808.8971
## 427                    Niger 1982   6437188    Africa  42.598   909.7221
## 428                    Niger 1987   7332638    Africa  44.555   668.3000
## 429                    Niger 1992   8392818    Africa  47.391   581.1827
## 430                    Niger 1997   9666252    Africa  51.313   580.3052
## 431                    Niger 2002  11140655    Africa  54.496   601.0745
## 432                    Niger 2007  12894865    Africa  56.867   619.6769
## 433                  Nigeria 1952  33119096    Africa  36.324  1077.2819
## 434                  Nigeria 1957  37173340    Africa  37.802  1100.5926
## 435                  Nigeria 1962  41871351    Africa  39.360  1150.9275
## 436                  Nigeria 1967  47287752    Africa  41.040  1014.5141
## 437                  Nigeria 1972  53740085    Africa  42.821  1698.3888
## 438                  Nigeria 1977  62209173    Africa  44.514  1981.9518
## 439                  Nigeria 1982  73039376    Africa  45.826  1576.9738
## 440                  Nigeria 1987  81551520    Africa  46.886  1385.0296
## 441                  Nigeria 1992  93364244    Africa  47.472  1619.8482
## 442                  Nigeria 1997 106207839    Africa  47.464  1624.9413
## 443                  Nigeria 2002 119901274    Africa  46.608  1615.2864
## 444                  Nigeria 2007 135031164    Africa  46.859  2013.9773
## 445                  Reunion 1952    257700    Africa  52.724  2718.8853
## 446                  Reunion 1957    308700    Africa  55.090  2769.4518
## 447                  Reunion 1962    358900    Africa  57.666  3173.7233
## 448                  Reunion 1967    414024    Africa  60.542  4021.1757
## 449                  Reunion 1972    461633    Africa  64.274  5047.6586
## 450                  Reunion 1977    492095    Africa  67.064  4319.8041
## 451                  Reunion 1982    517810    Africa  69.885  5267.2194
## 452                  Reunion 1987    562035    Africa  71.913  5303.3775
## 453                  Reunion 1992    622191    Africa  73.615  6101.2558
## 454                  Reunion 1997    684810    Africa  74.772  6071.9414
## 455                  Reunion 2002    743981    Africa  75.744  6316.1652
## 456                  Reunion 2007    798094    Africa  76.442  7670.1226
## 457                   Rwanda 1952   2534927    Africa  40.000   493.3239
## 458                   Rwanda 1957   2822082    Africa  41.500   540.2894
## 459                   Rwanda 1962   3051242    Africa  43.000   597.4731
## 460                   Rwanda 1967   3451079    Africa  44.100   510.9637
## 461                   Rwanda 1972   3992121    Africa  44.600   590.5807
## 462                   Rwanda 1977   4657072    Africa  45.000   670.0806
## 463                   Rwanda 1982   5507565    Africa  46.218   881.5706
## 464                   Rwanda 1987   6349365    Africa  44.020   847.9912
## 465                   Rwanda 1992   7290203    Africa  23.599   737.0686
## 466                   Rwanda 1997   7212583    Africa  36.087   589.9445
## 467                   Rwanda 2002   7852401    Africa  43.413   785.6538
## 468                   Rwanda 2007   8860588    Africa  46.242   863.0885
## 469    Sao Tome and Principe 1952     60011    Africa  46.471   879.5836
## 470    Sao Tome and Principe 1957     61325    Africa  48.945   860.7369
## 471    Sao Tome and Principe 1962     65345    Africa  51.893  1071.5511
## 472    Sao Tome and Principe 1967     70787    Africa  54.425  1384.8406
## 473    Sao Tome and Principe 1972     76595    Africa  56.480  1532.9853
## 474    Sao Tome and Principe 1977     86796    Africa  58.550  1737.5617
## 475    Sao Tome and Principe 1982     98593    Africa  60.351  1890.2181
## 476    Sao Tome and Principe 1987    110812    Africa  61.728  1516.5255
## 477    Sao Tome and Principe 1992    125911    Africa  62.742  1428.7778
## 478    Sao Tome and Principe 1997    145608    Africa  63.306  1339.0760
## 479    Sao Tome and Principe 2002    170372    Africa  64.337  1353.0924
## 480    Sao Tome and Principe 2007    199579    Africa  65.528  1598.4351
## 481                  Senegal 1952   2755589    Africa  37.278  1450.3570
## 482                  Senegal 1957   3054547    Africa  39.329  1567.6530
## 483                  Senegal 1962   3430243    Africa  41.454  1654.9887
## 484                  Senegal 1967   3965841    Africa  43.563  1612.4046
## 485                  Senegal 1972   4588696    Africa  45.815  1597.7121
## 486                  Senegal 1977   5260855    Africa  48.879  1561.7691
## 487                  Senegal 1982   6147783    Africa  52.379  1518.4800
## 488                  Senegal 1987   7171347    Africa  55.769  1441.7207
## 489                  Senegal 1992   8307920    Africa  58.196  1367.8994
## 490                  Senegal 1997   9535314    Africa  60.187  1392.3683
## 491                  Senegal 2002  10870037    Africa  61.600  1519.6353
## 492                  Senegal 2007  12267493    Africa  63.062  1712.4721
## 493             Sierra Leone 1952   2143249    Africa  30.331   879.7877
## 494             Sierra Leone 1957   2295678    Africa  31.570  1004.4844
## 495             Sierra Leone 1962   2467895    Africa  32.767  1116.6399
## 496             Sierra Leone 1967   2662190    Africa  34.113  1206.0435
## 497             Sierra Leone 1972   2879013    Africa  35.400  1353.7598
## 498             Sierra Leone 1977   3140897    Africa  36.788  1348.2852
## 499             Sierra Leone 1982   3464522    Africa  38.445  1465.0108
## 500             Sierra Leone 1987   3868905    Africa  40.006  1294.4478
## 501             Sierra Leone 1992   4260884    Africa  38.333  1068.6963
## 502             Sierra Leone 1997   4578212    Africa  39.897   574.6482
## 503             Sierra Leone 2002   5359092    Africa  41.012   699.4897
## 504             Sierra Leone 2007   6144562    Africa  42.568   862.5408
## 505                  Somalia 1952   2526994    Africa  32.978  1135.7498
## 506                  Somalia 1957   2780415    Africa  34.977  1258.1474
## 507                  Somalia 1962   3080153    Africa  36.981  1369.4883
## 508                  Somalia 1967   3428839    Africa  38.977  1284.7332
## 509                  Somalia 1972   3840161    Africa  40.973  1254.5761
## 510                  Somalia 1977   4353666    Africa  41.974  1450.9925
## 511                  Somalia 1982   5828892    Africa  42.955  1176.8070
## 512                  Somalia 1987   6921858    Africa  44.501  1093.2450
## 513                  Somalia 1992   6099799    Africa  39.658   926.9603
## 514                  Somalia 1997   6633514    Africa  43.795   930.5964
## 515                  Somalia 2002   7753310    Africa  45.936   882.0818
## 516                  Somalia 2007   9118773    Africa  48.159   926.1411
## 517             South Africa 1952  14264935    Africa  45.009  4725.2955
## 518             South Africa 1957  16151549    Africa  47.985  5487.1042
## 519             South Africa 1962  18356657    Africa  49.951  5768.7297
## 520             South Africa 1967  20997321    Africa  51.927  7114.4780
## 521             South Africa 1972  23935810    Africa  53.696  7765.9626
## 522             South Africa 1977  27129932    Africa  55.527  8028.6514
## 523             South Africa 1982  31140029    Africa  58.161  8568.2662
## 524             South Africa 1987  35933379    Africa  60.834  7825.8234
## 525             South Africa 1992  39964159    Africa  61.888  7225.0693
## 526             South Africa 1997  42835005    Africa  60.236  7479.1882
## 527             South Africa 2002  44433622    Africa  53.365  7710.9464
## 528             South Africa 2007  43997828    Africa  49.339  9269.6578
## 529                    Sudan 1952   8504667    Africa  38.635  1615.9911
## 530                    Sudan 1957   9753392    Africa  39.624  1770.3371
## 531                    Sudan 1962  11183227    Africa  40.870  1959.5938
## 532                    Sudan 1967  12716129    Africa  42.858  1687.9976
## 533                    Sudan 1972  14597019    Africa  45.083  1659.6528
## 534                    Sudan 1977  17104986    Africa  47.800  2202.9884
## 535                    Sudan 1982  20367053    Africa  50.338  1895.5441
## 536                    Sudan 1987  24725960    Africa  51.744  1507.8192
## 537                    Sudan 1992  28227588    Africa  53.556  1492.1970
## 538                    Sudan 1997  32160729    Africa  55.373  1632.2108
## 539                    Sudan 2002  37090298    Africa  56.369  1993.3983
## 540                    Sudan 2007  42292929    Africa  58.556  2602.3950
## 541                Swaziland 1952    290243    Africa  41.407  1148.3766
## 542                Swaziland 1957    326741    Africa  43.424  1244.7084
## 543                Swaziland 1962    370006    Africa  44.992  1856.1821
## 544                Swaziland 1967    420690    Africa  46.633  2613.1017
## 545                Swaziland 1972    480105    Africa  49.552  3364.8366
## 546                Swaziland 1977    551425    Africa  52.537  3781.4106
## 547                Swaziland 1982    649901    Africa  55.561  3895.3840
## 548                Swaziland 1987    779348    Africa  57.678  3984.8398
## 549                Swaziland 1992    962344    Africa  58.474  3553.0224
## 550                Swaziland 1997   1054486    Africa  54.289  3876.7685
## 551                Swaziland 2002   1130269    Africa  43.869  4128.1169
## 552                Swaziland 2007   1133066    Africa  39.613  4513.4806
## 553                 Tanzania 1952   8322925    Africa  41.215   716.6501
## 554                 Tanzania 1957   9452826    Africa  42.974   698.5356
## 555                 Tanzania 1962  10863958    Africa  44.246   722.0038
## 556                 Tanzania 1967  12607312    Africa  45.757   848.2187
## 557                 Tanzania 1972  14706593    Africa  47.620   915.9851
## 558                 Tanzania 1977  17129565    Africa  49.919   962.4923
## 559                 Tanzania 1982  19844382    Africa  50.608   874.2426
## 560                 Tanzania 1987  23040630    Africa  51.535   831.8221
## 561                 Tanzania 1992  26605473    Africa  50.440   825.6825
## 562                 Tanzania 1997  30686889    Africa  48.466   789.1862
## 563                 Tanzania 2002  34593779    Africa  49.651   899.0742
## 564                 Tanzania 2007  38139640    Africa  52.517  1107.4822
## 565                     Togo 1952   1219113    Africa  38.596   859.8087
## 566                     Togo 1957   1357445    Africa  41.208   925.9083
## 567                     Togo 1962   1528098    Africa  43.922  1067.5348
## 568                     Togo 1967   1735550    Africa  46.769  1477.5968
## 569                     Togo 1972   2056351    Africa  49.759  1649.6602
## 570                     Togo 1977   2308582    Africa  52.887  1532.7770
## 571                     Togo 1982   2644765    Africa  55.471  1344.5780
## 572                     Togo 1987   3154264    Africa  56.941  1202.2014
## 573                     Togo 1992   3747553    Africa  58.061  1034.2989
## 574                     Togo 1997   4320890    Africa  58.390   982.2869
## 575                     Togo 2002   4977378    Africa  57.561   886.2206
## 576                     Togo 2007   5701579    Africa  58.420   882.9699
## 577                  Tunisia 1952   3647735    Africa  44.600  1468.4756
## 578                  Tunisia 1957   3950849    Africa  47.100  1395.2325
## 579                  Tunisia 1962   4286552    Africa  49.579  1660.3032
## 580                  Tunisia 1967   4786986    Africa  52.053  1932.3602
## 581                  Tunisia 1972   5303507    Africa  55.602  2753.2860
## 582                  Tunisia 1977   6005061    Africa  59.837  3120.8768
## 583                  Tunisia 1982   6734098    Africa  64.048  3560.2332
## 584                  Tunisia 1987   7724976    Africa  66.894  3810.4193
## 585                  Tunisia 1992   8523077    Africa  70.001  4332.7202
## 586                  Tunisia 1997   9231669    Africa  71.973  4876.7986
## 587                  Tunisia 2002   9770575    Africa  73.042  5722.8957
## 588                  Tunisia 2007  10276158    Africa  73.923  7092.9230
## 589                   Uganda 1952   5824797    Africa  39.978   734.7535
## 590                   Uganda 1957   6675501    Africa  42.571   774.3711
## 591                   Uganda 1962   7688797    Africa  45.344   767.2717
## 592                   Uganda 1967   8900294    Africa  48.051   908.9185
## 593                   Uganda 1972  10190285    Africa  51.016   950.7359
## 594                   Uganda 1977  11457758    Africa  50.350   843.7331
## 595                   Uganda 1982  12939400    Africa  49.849   682.2662
## 596                   Uganda 1987  15283050    Africa  51.509   617.7244
## 597                   Uganda 1992  18252190    Africa  48.825   644.1708
## 598                   Uganda 1997  21210254    Africa  44.578   816.5591
## 599                   Uganda 2002  24739869    Africa  47.813   927.7210
## 600                   Uganda 2007  29170398    Africa  51.542  1056.3801
## 601                   Zambia 1952   2672000    Africa  42.038  1147.3888
## 602                   Zambia 1957   3016000    Africa  44.077  1311.9568
## 603                   Zambia 1962   3421000    Africa  46.023  1452.7258
## 604                   Zambia 1967   3900000    Africa  47.768  1777.0773
## 605                   Zambia 1972   4506497    Africa  50.107  1773.4983
## 606                   Zambia 1977   5216550    Africa  51.386  1588.6883
## 607                   Zambia 1982   6100407    Africa  51.821  1408.6786
## 608                   Zambia 1987   7272406    Africa  50.821  1213.3151
## 609                   Zambia 1992   8381163    Africa  46.100  1210.8846
## 610                   Zambia 1997   9417789    Africa  40.238  1071.3538
## 611                   Zambia 2002  10595811    Africa  39.193  1071.6139
## 612                   Zambia 2007  11746035    Africa  42.384  1271.2116
## 613                 Zimbabwe 1952   3080907    Africa  48.451   406.8841
## 614                 Zimbabwe 1957   3646340    Africa  50.469   518.7643
## 615                 Zimbabwe 1962   4277736    Africa  52.358   527.2722
## 616                 Zimbabwe 1967   4995432    Africa  53.995   569.7951
## 617                 Zimbabwe 1972   5861135    Africa  55.635   799.3622
## 618                 Zimbabwe 1977   6642107    Africa  57.674   685.5877
## 619                 Zimbabwe 1982   7636524    Africa  60.363   788.8550
## 620                 Zimbabwe 1987   9216418    Africa  62.351   706.1573
## 621                 Zimbabwe 1992  10704340    Africa  60.377   693.4208
## 622                 Zimbabwe 1997  11404948    Africa  46.809   792.4500
## 623                 Zimbabwe 2002  11926563    Africa  39.989   672.0386
## 624                 Zimbabwe 2007  12311143    Africa  43.487   469.7093

The spread of the GDP per capita within each continent can be observed from the quantiles shown in summary.

summary(data.africa)
##          country         year           pop               continent  
##  Algeria     : 12   Min.   :1952   Min.   :    60011   Africa  :624  
##  Angola      : 12   1st Qu.:1966   1st Qu.:  1342075   Americas:  0  
##  Benin       : 12   Median :1980   Median :  4579311   Asia    :  0  
##  Botswana    : 12   Mean   :1980   Mean   :  9916003   Europe  :  0  
##  Burkina Faso: 12   3rd Qu.:1993   3rd Qu.: 10801490   Oceania :  0  
##  Burundi     : 12   Max.   :2007   Max.   :135031164                 
##  (Other)     :552                                                    
##     lifeExp        gdpPercap      
##  Min.   :23.60   Min.   :  241.2  
##  1st Qu.:42.37   1st Qu.:  761.2  
##  Median :47.79   Median : 1192.1  
##  Mean   :48.87   Mean   : 2193.8  
##  3rd Qu.:54.41   3rd Qu.: 2377.4  
##  Max.   :76.44   Max.   :21951.2  
## 
summary(data.asia)
##              country         year           pop               continent  
##  Afghanistan     : 12   Min.   :1952   Min.   :1.204e+05   Africa  :  0  
##  Bahrain         : 12   1st Qu.:1966   1st Qu.:3.844e+06   Americas:  0  
##  Bangladesh      : 12   Median :1980   Median :1.453e+07   Asia    :396  
##  Cambodia        : 12   Mean   :1980   Mean   :7.704e+07   Europe  :  0  
##  China           : 12   3rd Qu.:1993   3rd Qu.:4.630e+07   Oceania :  0  
##  Hong Kong, China: 12   Max.   :2007   Max.   :1.319e+09                 
##  (Other)         :324                                                    
##     lifeExp        gdpPercap     
##  Min.   :28.80   Min.   :   331  
##  1st Qu.:51.43   1st Qu.:  1057  
##  Median :61.79   Median :  2647  
##  Mean   :60.06   Mean   :  7902  
##  3rd Qu.:69.51   3rd Qu.:  8549  
##  Max.   :82.60   Max.   :113523  
## 
summary(data.europe)
##                    country         year           pop          
##  Albania               : 12   Min.   :1952   Min.   :  147962  
##  Austria               : 12   1st Qu.:1966   1st Qu.: 4331500  
##  Belgium               : 12   Median :1980   Median : 8551125  
##  Bosnia and Herzegovina: 12   Mean   :1980   Mean   :17169765  
##  Bulgaria              : 12   3rd Qu.:1993   3rd Qu.:21802867  
##  Croatia               : 12   Max.   :2007   Max.   :82400996  
##  (Other)               :288                                    
##     continent      lifeExp        gdpPercap      
##  Africa  :  0   Min.   :43.59   Min.   :  973.5  
##  Americas:  0   1st Qu.:69.57   1st Qu.: 7213.1  
##  Asia    :  0   Median :72.24   Median :12081.8  
##  Europe  :360   Mean   :71.90   Mean   :14469.5  
##  Oceania :  0   3rd Qu.:75.45   3rd Qu.:20461.4  
##                 Max.   :81.76   Max.   :49357.2  
## 
summary(data.americas)
##       country         year           pop               continent  
##  Argentina: 12   Min.   :1952   Min.   :   662850   Africa  :  0  
##  Bolivia  : 12   1st Qu.:1966   1st Qu.:  2962359   Americas:300  
##  Brazil   : 12   Median :1980   Median :  6227510   Asia    :  0  
##  Canada   : 12   Mean   :1980   Mean   : 24504795   Europe  :  0  
##  Chile    : 12   3rd Qu.:1993   3rd Qu.: 18340309   Oceania :  0  
##  Colombia : 12   Max.   :2007   Max.   :301139947                 
##  (Other)  :228                                                    
##     lifeExp        gdpPercap    
##  Min.   :37.58   Min.   : 1202  
##  1st Qu.:58.41   1st Qu.: 3428  
##  Median :67.05   Median : 5466  
##  Mean   :64.66   Mean   : 7136  
##  3rd Qu.:71.70   3rd Qu.: 7830  
##  Max.   :80.65   Max.   :42952  
## 
summary(data.oceania)
##         country        year           pop              continent 
##  Australia  :12   Min.   :1952   Min.   : 1994794   Africa  : 0  
##  New Zealand:12   1st Qu.:1966   1st Qu.: 3199212   Americas: 0  
##  Afghanistan: 0   Median :1980   Median : 6403492   Asia    : 0  
##  Albania    : 0   Mean   :1980   Mean   : 8874672   Europe  : 0  
##  Algeria    : 0   3rd Qu.:1993   3rd Qu.:14351625   Oceania :24  
##  Angola     : 0   Max.   :2007   Max.   :20434176                
##  (Other)    : 0                                                  
##     lifeExp        gdpPercap    
##  Min.   :69.12   Min.   :10040  
##  1st Qu.:71.20   1st Qu.:14142  
##  Median :73.67   Median :17983  
##  Mean   :74.33   Mean   :18622  
##  3rd Qu.:77.55   3rd Qu.:22214  
##  Max.   :81.23   Max.   :34435  
## 

However, the quantiles shown in the summary output above are not straightforward or intuitive enough. We can use ggplot2 to draw boxplots of “gdpPercap” for observations from each continent.

p = ggplot(gm, aes(continent, gdpPercap))
p + geom_boxplot(aes(fill=continent)) + coord_flip()

From the boxplots, we can see the GPD per capita is more spread in Asia in the sense that it has more outliers or extreme values compared with other continents, which may imply that the economic development of the Asian countries are quite unbalanced. But we should also note that Asia has the largest number of countries among the five continents.

How is life expectancy changing over time on different continents

We can use the data.frame obtained from previous task, where in each data.frame, the observations are from the same continent. To see how life expectancy chaing over time, we use arrange() as following.

data.africa.time = arrange(data.africa, year)
data.asia.time = arrange(data.asia, year)
data.europe.time = arrange(data.europe, year)
data.americas.time = arrange(data.americas, year)
data.oceania.time = arrange(data.oceania, year)

To show what we obtained by sorting the observations by “year” in ascending order, here we present the data.americas.time for example.

data.americas.time
##                 country year       pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1             Argentina 1952  17876956  Americas  62.485  5911.315
## 2               Bolivia 1952   2883315  Americas  40.414  2677.326
## 3                Brazil 1952  56602560  Americas  50.917  2108.944
## 4                Canada 1952  14785584  Americas  68.750 11367.161
## 5                 Chile 1952   6377619  Americas  54.745  3939.979
## 6              Colombia 1952  12350771  Americas  50.643  2144.115
## 7            Costa Rica 1952    926317  Americas  57.206  2627.009
## 8                  Cuba 1952   6007797  Americas  59.421  5586.539
## 9    Dominican Republic 1952   2491346  Americas  45.928  1397.717
## 10              Ecuador 1952   3548753  Americas  48.357  3522.111
## 11          El Salvador 1952   2042865  Americas  45.262  3048.303
## 12            Guatemala 1952   3146381  Americas  42.023  2428.238
## 13                Haiti 1952   3201488  Americas  37.579  1840.367
## 14             Honduras 1952   1517453  Americas  41.912  2194.926
## 15              Jamaica 1952   1426095  Americas  58.530  2898.531
## 16               Mexico 1952  30144317  Americas  50.789  3478.126
## 17            Nicaragua 1952   1165790  Americas  42.314  3112.364
## 18               Panama 1952    940080  Americas  55.191  2480.380
## 19             Paraguay 1952   1555876  Americas  62.649  1952.309
## 20                 Peru 1952   8025700  Americas  43.902  3758.523
## 21          Puerto Rico 1952   2227000  Americas  64.280  3081.960
## 22  Trinidad and Tobago 1952    662850  Americas  59.100  3023.272
## 23        United States 1952 157553000  Americas  68.440 13990.482
## 24              Uruguay 1952   2252965  Americas  66.071  5716.767
## 25            Venezuela 1952   5439568  Americas  55.088  7689.800
## 26            Argentina 1957  19610538  Americas  64.399  6856.856
## 27              Bolivia 1957   3211738  Americas  41.890  2127.686
## 28               Brazil 1957  65551171  Americas  53.285  2487.366
## 29               Canada 1957  17010154  Americas  69.960 12489.950
## 30                Chile 1957   7048426  Americas  56.074  4315.623
## 31             Colombia 1957  14485993  Americas  55.118  2323.806
## 32           Costa Rica 1957   1112300  Americas  60.026  2990.011
## 33                 Cuba 1957   6640752  Americas  62.325  6092.174
## 34   Dominican Republic 1957   2923186  Americas  49.828  1544.403
## 35              Ecuador 1957   4058385  Americas  51.356  3780.547
## 36          El Salvador 1957   2355805  Americas  48.570  3421.523
## 37            Guatemala 1957   3640876  Americas  44.142  2617.156
## 38                Haiti 1957   3507701  Americas  40.696  1726.888
## 39             Honduras 1957   1770390  Americas  44.665  2220.488
## 40              Jamaica 1957   1535090  Americas  62.610  4756.526
## 41               Mexico 1957  35015548  Americas  55.190  4131.547
## 42            Nicaragua 1957   1358828  Americas  45.432  3457.416
## 43               Panama 1957   1063506  Americas  59.201  2961.801
## 44             Paraguay 1957   1770902  Americas  63.196  2046.155
## 45                 Peru 1957   9146100  Americas  46.263  4245.257
## 46          Puerto Rico 1957   2260000  Americas  68.540  3907.156
## 47  Trinidad and Tobago 1957    764900  Americas  61.800  4100.393
## 48        United States 1957 171984000  Americas  69.490 14847.127
## 49              Uruguay 1957   2424959  Americas  67.044  6150.773
## 50            Venezuela 1957   6702668  Americas  57.907  9802.467
## 51            Argentina 1962  21283783  Americas  65.142  7133.166
## 52              Bolivia 1962   3593918  Americas  43.428  2180.973
## 53               Brazil 1962  76039390  Americas  55.665  3336.586
## 54               Canada 1962  18985849  Americas  71.300 13462.486
## 55                Chile 1962   7961258  Americas  57.924  4519.094
## 56             Colombia 1962  17009885  Americas  57.863  2492.351
## 57           Costa Rica 1962   1345187  Americas  62.842  3460.937
## 58                 Cuba 1962   7254373  Americas  65.246  5180.756
## 59   Dominican Republic 1962   3453434  Americas  53.459  1662.137
## 60              Ecuador 1962   4681707  Americas  54.640  4086.114
## 61          El Salvador 1962   2747687  Americas  52.307  3776.804
## 62            Guatemala 1962   4208858  Americas  46.954  2750.364
## 63                Haiti 1962   3880130  Americas  43.590  1796.589
## 64             Honduras 1962   2090162  Americas  48.041  2291.157
## 65              Jamaica 1962   1665128  Americas  65.610  5246.108
## 66               Mexico 1962  41121485  Americas  58.299  4581.609
## 67            Nicaragua 1962   1590597  Americas  48.632  3634.364
## 68               Panama 1962   1215725  Americas  61.817  3536.540
## 69             Paraguay 1962   2009813  Americas  64.361  2148.027
## 70                 Peru 1962  10516500  Americas  49.096  4957.038
## 71          Puerto Rico 1962   2448046  Americas  69.620  5108.345
## 72  Trinidad and Tobago 1962    887498  Americas  64.900  4997.524
## 73        United States 1962 186538000  Americas  70.210 16173.146
## 74              Uruguay 1962   2598466  Americas  68.253  5603.358
## 75            Venezuela 1962   8143375  Americas  60.770  8422.974
## 76            Argentina 1967  22934225  Americas  65.634  8052.953
## 77              Bolivia 1967   4040665  Americas  45.032  2586.886
## 78               Brazil 1967  88049823  Americas  57.632  3429.864
## 79               Canada 1967  20819767  Americas  72.130 16076.588
## 80                Chile 1967   8858908  Americas  60.523  5106.654
## 81             Colombia 1967  19764027  Americas  59.963  2678.730
## 82           Costa Rica 1967   1588717  Americas  65.424  4161.728
## 83                 Cuba 1967   8139332  Americas  68.290  5690.268
## 84   Dominican Republic 1967   4049146  Americas  56.751  1653.723
## 85              Ecuador 1967   5432424  Americas  56.678  4579.074
## 86          El Salvador 1967   3232927  Americas  55.855  4358.595
## 87            Guatemala 1967   4690773  Americas  50.016  3242.531
## 88                Haiti 1967   4318137  Americas  46.243  1452.058
## 89             Honduras 1967   2500689  Americas  50.924  2538.269
## 90              Jamaica 1967   1861096  Americas  67.510  6124.703
## 91               Mexico 1967  47995559  Americas  60.110  5754.734
## 92            Nicaragua 1967   1865490  Americas  51.884  4643.394
## 93               Panama 1967   1405486  Americas  64.071  4421.009
## 94             Paraguay 1967   2287985  Americas  64.951  2299.376
## 95                 Peru 1967  12132200  Americas  51.445  5788.093
## 96          Puerto Rico 1967   2648961  Americas  71.100  6929.278
## 97  Trinidad and Tobago 1967    960155  Americas  65.400  5621.368
## 98        United States 1967 198712000  Americas  70.760 19530.366
## 99              Uruguay 1967   2748579  Americas  68.468  5444.620
## 100           Venezuela 1967   9709552  Americas  63.479  9541.474
## 101           Argentina 1972  24779799  Americas  67.065  9443.039
## 102             Bolivia 1972   4565872  Americas  46.714  2980.331
## 103              Brazil 1972 100840058  Americas  59.504  4985.711
## 104              Canada 1972  22284500  Americas  72.880 18970.571
## 105               Chile 1972   9717524  Americas  63.441  5494.024
## 106            Colombia 1972  22542890  Americas  61.623  3264.660
## 107          Costa Rica 1972   1834796  Americas  67.849  5118.147
## 108                Cuba 1972   8831348  Americas  70.723  5305.445
## 109  Dominican Republic 1972   4671329  Americas  59.631  2189.874
## 110             Ecuador 1972   6298651  Americas  58.796  5280.995
## 111         El Salvador 1972   3790903  Americas  58.207  4520.246
## 112           Guatemala 1972   5149581  Americas  53.738  4031.408
## 113               Haiti 1972   4698301  Americas  48.042  1654.457
## 114            Honduras 1972   2965146  Americas  53.884  2529.842
## 115             Jamaica 1972   1997616  Americas  69.000  7433.889
## 116              Mexico 1972  55984294  Americas  62.361  6809.407
## 117           Nicaragua 1972   2182908  Americas  55.151  4688.593
## 118              Panama 1972   1616384  Americas  66.216  5364.250
## 119            Paraguay 1972   2614104  Americas  65.815  2523.338
## 120                Peru 1972  13954700  Americas  55.448  5937.827
## 121         Puerto Rico 1972   2847132  Americas  72.160  9123.042
## 122 Trinidad and Tobago 1972    975199  Americas  65.900  6619.551
## 123       United States 1972 209896000  Americas  71.340 21806.036
## 124             Uruguay 1972   2829526  Americas  68.673  5703.409
## 125           Venezuela 1972  11515649  Americas  65.712 10505.260
## 126           Argentina 1977  26983828  Americas  68.481 10079.027
## 127             Bolivia 1977   5079716  Americas  50.023  3548.098
## 128              Brazil 1977 114313951  Americas  61.489  6660.119
## 129              Canada 1977  23796400  Americas  74.210 22090.883
## 130               Chile 1977  10599793  Americas  67.052  4756.764
## 131            Colombia 1977  25094412  Americas  63.837  3815.808
## 132          Costa Rica 1977   2108457  Americas  70.750  5926.877
## 133                Cuba 1977   9537988  Americas  72.649  6380.495
## 134  Dominican Republic 1977   5302800  Americas  61.788  2681.989
## 135             Ecuador 1977   7278866  Americas  61.310  6679.623
## 136         El Salvador 1977   4282586  Americas  56.696  5138.922
## 137           Guatemala 1977   5703430  Americas  56.029  4879.993
## 138               Haiti 1977   4908554  Americas  49.923  1874.299
## 139            Honduras 1977   3055235  Americas  57.402  3203.208
## 140             Jamaica 1977   2156814  Americas  70.110  6650.196
## 141              Mexico 1977  63759976  Americas  65.032  7674.929
## 142           Nicaragua 1977   2554598  Americas  57.470  5486.371
## 143              Panama 1977   1839782  Americas  68.681  5351.912
## 144            Paraguay 1977   2984494  Americas  66.353  3248.373
## 145                Peru 1977  15990099  Americas  58.447  6281.291
## 146         Puerto Rico 1977   3080828  Americas  73.440  9770.525
## 147 Trinidad and Tobago 1977   1039009  Americas  68.300  7899.554
## 148       United States 1977 220239000  Americas  73.380 24072.632
## 149             Uruguay 1977   2873520  Americas  69.481  6504.340
## 150           Venezuela 1977  13503563  Americas  67.456 13143.951
## 151           Argentina 1982  29341374  Americas  69.942  8997.897
## 152             Bolivia 1982   5642224  Americas  53.859  3156.510
## 153              Brazil 1982 128962939  Americas  63.336  7030.836
## 154              Canada 1982  25201900  Americas  75.760 22898.792
## 155               Chile 1982  11487112  Americas  70.565  5095.666
## 156            Colombia 1982  27764644  Americas  66.653  4397.576
## 157          Costa Rica 1982   2424367  Americas  73.450  5262.735
## 158                Cuba 1982   9789224  Americas  73.717  7316.918
## 159  Dominican Republic 1982   5968349  Americas  63.727  2861.092
## 160             Ecuador 1982   8365850  Americas  64.342  7213.791
## 161         El Salvador 1982   4474873  Americas  56.604  4098.344
## 162           Guatemala 1982   6395630  Americas  58.137  4820.495
## 163               Haiti 1982   5198399  Americas  51.461  2011.160
## 164            Honduras 1982   3669448  Americas  60.909  3121.761
## 165             Jamaica 1982   2298309  Americas  71.210  6068.051
## 166              Mexico 1982  71640904  Americas  67.405  9611.148
## 167           Nicaragua 1982   2979423  Americas  59.298  3470.338
## 168              Panama 1982   2036305  Americas  70.472  7009.602
## 169            Paraguay 1982   3366439  Americas  66.874  4258.504
## 170                Peru 1982  18125129  Americas  61.406  6434.502
## 171         Puerto Rico 1982   3279001  Americas  73.750 10330.989
## 172 Trinidad and Tobago 1982   1116479  Americas  68.832  9119.529
## 173       United States 1982 232187835  Americas  74.650 25009.559
## 174             Uruguay 1982   2953997  Americas  70.805  6920.223
## 175           Venezuela 1982  15620766  Americas  68.557 11152.410
## 176           Argentina 1987  31620918  Americas  70.774  9139.671
## 177             Bolivia 1987   6156369  Americas  57.251  2753.691
## 178              Brazil 1987 142938076  Americas  65.205  7807.096
## 179              Canada 1987  26549700  Americas  76.860 26626.515
## 180               Chile 1987  12463354  Americas  72.492  5547.064
## 181            Colombia 1987  30964245  Americas  67.768  4903.219
## 182          Costa Rica 1987   2799811  Americas  74.752  5629.915
## 183                Cuba 1987  10239839  Americas  74.174  7532.925
## 184  Dominican Republic 1987   6655297  Americas  66.046  2899.842
## 185             Ecuador 1987   9545158  Americas  67.231  6481.777
## 186         El Salvador 1987   4842194  Americas  63.154  4140.442
## 187           Guatemala 1987   7326406  Americas  60.782  4246.486
## 188               Haiti 1987   5756203  Americas  53.636  1823.016
## 189            Honduras 1987   4372203  Americas  64.492  3023.097
## 190             Jamaica 1987   2326606  Americas  71.770  6351.237
## 191              Mexico 1987  80122492  Americas  69.498  8688.156
## 192           Nicaragua 1987   3344353  Americas  62.008  2955.984
## 193              Panama 1987   2253639  Americas  71.523  7034.779
## 194            Paraguay 1987   3886512  Americas  67.378  3998.876
## 195                Peru 1987  20195924  Americas  64.134  6360.943
## 196         Puerto Rico 1987   3444468  Americas  74.630 12281.342
## 197 Trinidad and Tobago 1987   1191336  Americas  69.582  7388.598
## 198       United States 1987 242803533  Americas  75.020 29884.350
## 199             Uruguay 1987   3045153  Americas  71.918  7452.399
## 200           Venezuela 1987  17910182  Americas  70.190  9883.585
## 201           Argentina 1992  33958947  Americas  71.868  9308.419
## 202             Bolivia 1992   6893451  Americas  59.957  2961.700
## 203              Brazil 1992 155975974  Americas  67.057  6950.283
## 204              Canada 1992  28523502  Americas  77.950 26342.884
## 205               Chile 1992  13572994  Americas  74.126  7596.126
## 206            Colombia 1992  34202721  Americas  68.421  5444.649
## 207          Costa Rica 1992   3173216  Americas  75.713  6160.416
## 208                Cuba 1992  10723260  Americas  74.414  5592.844
## 209  Dominican Republic 1992   7351181  Americas  68.457  3044.214
## 210             Ecuador 1992  10748394  Americas  69.613  7103.703
## 211         El Salvador 1992   5274649  Americas  66.798  4444.232
## 212           Guatemala 1992   8486949  Americas  63.373  4439.451
## 213               Haiti 1992   6326682  Americas  55.089  1456.310
## 214            Honduras 1992   5077347  Americas  66.399  3081.695
## 215             Jamaica 1992   2378618  Americas  71.766  7404.924
## 216              Mexico 1992  88111030  Americas  71.455  9472.384
## 217           Nicaragua 1992   4017939  Americas  65.843  2170.152
## 218              Panama 1992   2484997  Americas  72.462  6618.743
## 219            Paraguay 1992   4483945  Americas  68.225  4196.411
## 220                Peru 1992  22430449  Americas  66.458  4446.381
## 221         Puerto Rico 1992   3585176  Americas  73.911 14641.587
## 222 Trinidad and Tobago 1992   1183669  Americas  69.862  7370.991
## 223       United States 1992 256894189  Americas  76.090 32003.932
## 224             Uruguay 1992   3149262  Americas  72.752  8137.005
## 225           Venezuela 1992  20265563  Americas  71.150 10733.926
## 226           Argentina 1997  36203463  Americas  73.275 10967.282
## 227             Bolivia 1997   7693188  Americas  62.050  3326.143
## 228              Brazil 1997 168546719  Americas  69.388  7957.981
## 229              Canada 1997  30305843  Americas  78.610 28954.926
## 230               Chile 1997  14599929  Americas  75.816 10118.053
## 231            Colombia 1997  37657830  Americas  70.313  6117.362
## 232          Costa Rica 1997   3518107  Americas  77.260  6677.045
## 233                Cuba 1997  10983007  Americas  76.151  5431.990
## 234  Dominican Republic 1997   7992357  Americas  69.957  3614.101
## 235             Ecuador 1997  11911819  Americas  72.312  7429.456
## 236         El Salvador 1997   5783439  Americas  69.535  5154.825
## 237           Guatemala 1997   9803875  Americas  66.322  4684.314
## 238               Haiti 1997   6913545  Americas  56.671  1341.727
## 239            Honduras 1997   5867957  Americas  67.659  3160.455
## 240             Jamaica 1997   2531311  Americas  72.262  7121.925
## 241              Mexico 1997  95895146  Americas  73.670  9767.298
## 242           Nicaragua 1997   4609572  Americas  68.426  2253.023
## 243              Panama 1997   2734531  Americas  73.738  7113.692
## 244            Paraguay 1997   5154123  Americas  69.400  4247.400
## 245                Peru 1997  24748122  Americas  68.386  5838.348
## 246         Puerto Rico 1997   3759430  Americas  74.917 16999.433
## 247 Trinidad and Tobago 1997   1138101  Americas  69.465  8792.573
## 248       United States 1997 272911760  Americas  76.810 35767.433
## 249             Uruguay 1997   3262838  Americas  74.223  9230.241
## 250           Venezuela 1997  22374398  Americas  72.146 10165.495
## 251           Argentina 2002  38331121  Americas  74.340  8797.641
## 252             Bolivia 2002   8445134  Americas  63.883  3413.263
## 253              Brazil 2002 179914212  Americas  71.006  8131.213
## 254              Canada 2002  31902268  Americas  79.770 33328.965
## 255               Chile 2002  15497046  Americas  77.860 10778.784
## 256            Colombia 2002  41008227  Americas  71.682  5755.260
## 257          Costa Rica 2002   3834934  Americas  78.123  7723.447
## 258                Cuba 2002  11226999  Americas  77.158  6340.647
## 259  Dominican Republic 2002   8650322  Americas  70.847  4563.808
## 260             Ecuador 2002  12921234  Americas  74.173  5773.045
## 261         El Salvador 2002   6353681  Americas  70.734  5351.569
## 262           Guatemala 2002  11178650  Americas  68.978  4858.347
## 263               Haiti 2002   7607651  Americas  58.137  1270.365
## 264            Honduras 2002   6677328  Americas  68.565  3099.729
## 265             Jamaica 2002   2664659  Americas  72.047  6994.775
## 266              Mexico 2002 102479927  Americas  74.902 10742.441
## 267           Nicaragua 2002   5146848  Americas  70.836  2474.549
## 268              Panama 2002   2990875  Americas  74.712  7356.032
## 269            Paraguay 2002   5884491  Americas  70.755  3783.674
## 270                Peru 2002  26769436  Americas  69.906  5909.020
## 271         Puerto Rico 2002   3859606  Americas  77.778 18855.606
## 272 Trinidad and Tobago 2002   1101832  Americas  68.976 11460.600
## 273       United States 2002 287675526  Americas  77.310 39097.100
## 274             Uruguay 2002   3363085  Americas  75.307  7727.002
## 275           Venezuela 2002  24287670  Americas  72.766  8605.048
## 276           Argentina 2007  40301927  Americas  75.320 12779.380
## 277             Bolivia 2007   9119152  Americas  65.554  3822.137
## 278              Brazil 2007 190010647  Americas  72.390  9065.801
## 279              Canada 2007  33390141  Americas  80.653 36319.235
## 280               Chile 2007  16284741  Americas  78.553 13171.639
## 281            Colombia 2007  44227550  Americas  72.889  7006.580
## 282          Costa Rica 2007   4133884  Americas  78.782  9645.061
## 283                Cuba 2007  11416987  Americas  78.273  8948.103
## 284  Dominican Republic 2007   9319622  Americas  72.235  6025.375
## 285             Ecuador 2007  13755680  Americas  74.994  6873.262
## 286         El Salvador 2007   6939688  Americas  71.878  5728.354
## 287           Guatemala 2007  12572928  Americas  70.259  5186.050
## 288               Haiti 2007   8502814  Americas  60.916  1201.637
## 289            Honduras 2007   7483763  Americas  70.198  3548.331
## 290             Jamaica 2007   2780132  Americas  72.567  7320.880
## 291              Mexico 2007 108700891  Americas  76.195 11977.575
## 292           Nicaragua 2007   5675356  Americas  72.899  2749.321
## 293              Panama 2007   3242173  Americas  75.537  9809.186
## 294            Paraguay 2007   6667147  Americas  71.752  4172.838
## 295                Peru 2007  28674757  Americas  71.421  7408.906
## 296         Puerto Rico 2007   3942491  Americas  78.746 19328.709
## 297 Trinidad and Tobago 2007   1056608  Americas  69.819 18008.509
## 298       United States 2007 301139947  Americas  78.242 42951.653
## 299             Uruguay 2007   3447496  Americas  76.384 10611.463
## 300           Venezuela 2007  26084662  Americas  73.747 11415.806

Thus for each country we have one observation for each year listed in table.

Other data.frame is ordered in the same sense. But as in previous task, it’s difficult to have any straightforward sense on how is life expectancy changing over time on each continent by looking at the table as above. So we use ggplot2 to draw some plots in the following.

p = ggplot(data.americas.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))+guides(col=guide_legend(nrow=18))

From this plot, we can see in general the life expectancy in Americas in increasing over time, and the difference amonge countries within Americas is getting smaller over time.

p = ggplot(data.africa.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))+guides(col=guide_legend(nrow=18))

From this plot, we can see although the life expectancy increases over time in general, there is a huge decrease in life expectancy for most of the countries starting at around 1990. One of the most decline in life expectancy appear in Rwanda in around 1990. From Google, we know there is a Rwandan Civil War starting around October 1990, and this can make life expectancy decline suddenly.

p = ggplot(data.asia.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))+guides(col=guide_legend(nrow=18))

This plot also shows an increase in life expectancy in general sense. However, it also shows there is a huge decline in China starting from about 1967, till around 1976. This fact is due to the Cultural Revolution between 1966 to 1976, during which dramatic political persecution would make life expectancy of China decline a lot.

p = ggplot(data.oceania.time, aes(x=year,y=lifeExp,group = country))
p + geom_line(aes(colour = country))

From this plot, we can see the life expectancy of the countries in Oceania is increasing over time, with a relatively constant rate of increase after around 1977 (for New Zealand) and 1967 (for Australia).

To get a general view of how life expectancy changes over time for each continent, we look at the life expectancy averaged over all the countries within each continent for each year listed above.

continent.time = group_by(by_continent, continent, year, add = FALSE)
continent.lifeExp.time = summarise(continent.time, mean.lifeExp = mean(lifeExp))
knitr::kable(continent.lifeExp.time)
continent year mean.lifeExp
Africa 1952 39.13550
Africa 1957 41.26635
Africa 1962 43.31944
Africa 1967 45.33454
Africa 1972 47.45094
Africa 1977 49.58042
Africa 1982 51.59287
Africa 1987 53.34479
Africa 1992 53.62958
Africa 1997 53.59827
Africa 2002 53.32523
Africa 2007 54.80604
Americas 1952 53.27984
Americas 1957 55.96028
Americas 1962 58.39876
Americas 1967 60.41092
Americas 1972 62.39492
Americas 1977 64.39156
Americas 1982 66.22884
Americas 1987 68.09072
Americas 1992 69.56836
Americas 1997 71.15048
Americas 2002 72.42204
Americas 2007 73.60812
Asia 1952 46.31439
Asia 1957 49.31854
Asia 1962 51.56322
Asia 1967 54.66364
Asia 1972 57.31927
Asia 1977 59.61056
Asia 1982 62.61794
Asia 1987 64.85118
Asia 1992 66.53721
Asia 1997 68.02052
Asia 2002 69.23388
Asia 2007 70.72848
Europe 1952 64.40850
Europe 1957 66.70307
Europe 1962 68.53923
Europe 1967 69.73760
Europe 1972 70.77503
Europe 1977 71.93777
Europe 1982 72.80640
Europe 1987 73.64217
Europe 1992 74.44010
Europe 1997 75.50517
Europe 2002 76.70060
Europe 2007 77.64860
Oceania 1952 69.25500
Oceania 1957 70.29500
Oceania 1962 71.08500
Oceania 1967 71.31000
Oceania 1972 71.91000
Oceania 1977 72.85500
Oceania 1982 74.29000
Oceania 1987 75.32000
Oceania 1992 76.94500
Oceania 1997 78.19000
Oceania 2002 79.74000
Oceania 2007 80.71950

Similarly, the table shown above is not straightforward, so we need to look at the corresponding plot.

p = ggplot(continent.lifeExp.time, aes(x = year, y = mean.lifeExp, color = continent))
p + geom_point() + geom_line()

We can see from this plot that, the average life expectancy for the five continent have the same order for each year in the plot: Oceania > Europe > Americas > Asia > Africa. Except for Africa, whose average life expectancy declined after 1992 and increase again in 2002 (maybe due to the social conflicts and the revitalization process), the difference of average life expectancy among other continents became less and less over time.

Discussion

In some problem settings (such as in task 1 where maximum and minimum values are questioned), tables can give more and relatively concrete information than figures; whereas in other problem settings, figures (boxplots in task 2, tendency plots in task 3) can give more intuitions and straightforward answer than tables. By looking at figures, although some information may be ignored, some important patterns may appear after such simplification.

Note: a useful link for ggplot2.

Use plyr ro apply my functions within data.frames

First we define a function gdprate, from which we can compute the relative increasing rate of GDP per Capita for each country (which is computed by letting \(y_n = \frac{x_{n+1}-x_n}{x_n}\), for all \(n\), where \(x_{n+1}\) and \(x_n\) are two consecutive records of GDP per Capita for the same country, and \(y_n\) is the relative increasing rate from the \(n\)th value to the \((n+1)\)th value of GDP per Capita).

f = function(x){
  rate = c()
  for(i in 1:dim(x)[1]-1){
    rate[i] = (x$gdpPercap[i+1]-x$gdpPercap[i])/x$gdpPercap[i]
  }
  return(rate)
}
gdp.rate = ddply(gm, ~country, f)
dim(gdp.rate)
## [1] 142  12
names(gdp.rate)[2:12] = c("1952/1957","1957/1962","1962/1967","1967/1972","1972/1977","1977/1982","1982/1987","1987/1992","1992/1997","1997/2002","2002/2007")

The data.frame gdp.rate has 142 rows, with each row corresponding to a specific country. Besides the varaible indicating the country names, there are 11 columns, corresponding to 11 increasing rates computed from 12 consecutive observations of the same country. The table below shows some examples.

tail(gdp.rate)
##                country  1952/1957   1957/1962   1962/1967    1967/1972
## 137          Venezuela 0.27473625 -0.14072911  0.13279158  0.101010122
## 138            Vietnam 0.11770435  0.14160250 -0.17476332  0.097906255
## 139 West Bank and Gaza 0.20551398  0.20354394  0.20498756  0.182545771
## 140        Yemen, Rep. 0.02956679  0.02583494  0.04459534  0.466819585
## 141             Zambia 0.14342822  0.10729698  0.22327101 -0.002014011
## 142           Zimbabwe 0.27496810  0.01640035  0.08064694  0.402894157
##       1972/1977    1977/1982    1982/1987    1987/1992  1992/1997
## 137  0.25117811 -0.151517671 -0.113771413  0.086035754 -0.0529565
## 138  0.02006496 -0.008831122  0.160573971  0.204951045  0.4012784
## 139  0.17534327  0.177363691  0.177850460  0.178269470  0.1816344
## 140  0.44640091  0.080770929 -0.002940735 -0.046783447  0.1266232
## 141 -0.10420645 -0.113307144 -0.138685612 -0.002003175 -0.1152305
## 142 -0.14233160  0.150626042 -0.104832613 -0.018036378  0.1428125
##         1997/2002   2002/2007
## 137 -0.1535043125  0.32664059
## 138  0.2731515914  0.38375537
## 139 -0.3649699554 -0.33000595
## 140  0.0554130618  0.02056052
## 141  0.0002427956  0.18625892
## 142 -0.1519481906 -0.30106800

To make the data for accessible, we do the following transformation.

gdp.rate.t = data.frame(
  country = rep(gdp.rate$country, each=11),
  period = rep(c("1952/1957","1957/1962","1962/1967","1967/1972","1972/1977","1977/1982","1982/1987","1987/1992","1992/1997","1997/2002","2002/2007"), times=length(gdp.rate$country)),
  rate = as.vector(t(gdp.rate[,-1]))
)
head(gdp.rate.t, n=30)
##        country    period        rate
## 1  Afghanistan 1952/1957  0.05312459
## 2  Afghanistan 1957/1962  0.03928557
## 3  Afghanistan 1962/1967 -0.01981427
## 4  Afghanistan 1967/1972 -0.11506381
## 5  Afghanistan 1972/1977  0.06234248
## 6  Afghanistan 1977/1982  0.24410993
## 7  Afghanistan 1982/1987 -0.12843970
## 8  Afghanistan 1987/1992 -0.23821623
## 9  Afghanistan 1992/1997 -0.02156038
## 10 Afghanistan 1997/2002  0.14384819
## 11 Afghanistan 2002/2007  0.34104124
## 12     Albania 1952/1957  0.21312689
## 13     Albania 1957/1962  0.19080869
## 14     Albania 1962/1967  0.19339795
## 15     Albania 1967/1972  0.20042963
## 16     Albania 1972/1977  0.06627037
## 17     Albania 1977/1982  0.02770357
## 18     Albania 1982/1987  0.02975917
## 19     Albania 1987/1992 -0.33204524
## 20     Albania 1992/1997  0.27853213
## 21     Albania 1997/2002  0.44194582
## 22     Albania 2002/2007  0.28947795
## 23     Algeria 1952/1957  0.23069251
## 24     Algeria 1957/1962 -0.15367048
## 25     Algeria 1962/1967  0.27292233
## 26     Algeria 1967/1972  0.28816580
## 27     Algeria 1972/1977  0.17399271
## 28     Algeria 1977/1982  0.16999442
## 29     Algeria 1982/1987 -0.01110529
## 30     Algeria 1987/1992 -0.11584234

Now in order to detect any sudden, substantial change in GDP per Capita of a country, we concentrate on the extreme values in gdp.rate, such as maximum and the minimum increasing rate. Thus we can use dplyr::mutate to get a data.frame indicating these maximum and minimum, as well as their corresponding years.

gdp.extreme.rate = ddply(gdp.rate.t, ~country, summarise, max.rate=max(rate) , min.rate=min(rate), max.period=which.max(rate), min.period=which.min(rate))
gdp.extreme.rate = mutate(gdp.extreme.rate,
       max.period = names(gdp.rate[,-1])[max.period],
       min.period = names(gdp.rate[,-1])[min.period]
)
head(gdp.extreme.rate,n=20)
##                   country  max.rate    min.rate max.period min.period
## 1             Afghanistan 0.3410412 -0.23821623  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 2                 Albania 0.4419458 -0.33204524  1997/2002  1987/1992
## 3                 Algeria 0.2881658 -0.15367048  1967/1972  1957/1962
## 4                  Angola 0.7297996 -0.45030348  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 5               Argentina 0.4525917 -0.19782853  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 6               Australia 0.1889871  0.06233225  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 7                 Austria 0.4408486  0.07595224  1952/1957  1992/1997
## 8                 Bahrain 0.2731417 -0.03576690  2002/2007  1982/1987
## 9              Bangladesh 0.2242745 -0.12611511  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 10                Belgium 0.2679361  0.07367629  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 11                  Benin 0.2416884 -0.09706037  1977/1982  1952/1957
## 12                Bolivia 0.1905045 -0.20529437  1972/1977  1952/1957
## 13 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.8715214 -0.40966303  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 14               Botswana 0.8635003  0.07124714  1967/1972  1957/1962
## 15                 Brazil 0.4536177 -0.10974795  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 16               Bulgaria 0.4140257 -0.23510504  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 17           Burkina Faso 0.1728797 -0.13027291  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 18                Burundi 0.1982415 -0.26687472  1972/1977  1992/1997
## 19               Cambodia 0.9122171 -0.19450134  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 20               Cameroon 0.3277670 -0.31102780  1977/1982  1987/1992

Then we locate some countries with the most sudden and substantial increase in GDP per Capita by using dplyr::arrange.

arrange(gdp.extreme.rate,max.rate)
##                      country  max.rate     min.rate max.period min.period
## 1   Central African Republic 0.1115770 -0.137574254  1952/1957  1977/1982
## 2                    Senegal 0.1268968 -0.051203642  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 3                      Haiti 0.1393879 -0.201153736  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 4                    Somalia 0.1565600 -0.188964092  1972/1977  1977/1982
## 5                      Nepal 0.1574301 -0.002445288  1987/1992  1967/1972
## 6                El Salvador 0.1598913 -0.202489573  1992/1997  1977/1982
## 7                New Zealand 0.1601674 -0.033874881  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 8           Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.1605523 -0.319654701  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 9                 Madagascar 0.1678145 -0.156291582  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 10              Burkina Faso 0.1728797 -0.130272906  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 11                     Kenya 0.1781227 -0.053635496  1962/1967  1997/2002
## 12             Cote d'Ivoire 0.1869320 -0.235926121  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 13            United Kingdom 0.1882560  0.046112092  1982/1987  1977/1982
## 14                 Australia 0.1889871  0.062332249  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 15                   Bolivia 0.1905045 -0.205294368  1972/1977  1952/1957
## 16                    Guinea 0.1910688 -0.060283306  1957/1962  1982/1987
## 17                     Ghana 0.1939095 -0.157015811  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 18                    Canada 0.1941768 -0.010652193  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 19                     Niger 0.1941809 -0.265380057  1957/1962  1982/1987
## 20                   Burundi 0.1982415 -0.266874723  1972/1977  1992/1997
## 21                      Mali 0.2039230 -0.099623655  1997/2002  1977/1982
## 22        West Bank and Gaza 0.2055140 -0.364969955  1952/1957  1997/2002
## 23             United States 0.2075799  0.038920838  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 24                   Namibia 0.2104820 -0.118672691  1957/1962  1982/1987
## 25               Switzerland 0.2155020 -0.007825763  1952/1957  1972/1977
## 26               Philippines 0.2160955 -0.158891768  1952/1957  1982/1987
## 27                  Colombia 0.2187343 -0.059192475  1967/1972  1997/2002
## 28                  Djibouti 0.2232287 -0.202821846  1967/1972  1992/1997
## 29                    Zambia 0.2232710 -0.138685612  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 30                   Denmark 0.2237595  0.051383780  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 31                Bangladesh 0.2242745 -0.126115106  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 32                    Gambia 0.2253524 -0.268183982  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 33                   Morocco 0.2281764 -0.046071081  1972/1977  1957/1962
## 34                    Norway 0.2291738  0.076874173  1972/1977  1987/1992
## 35                    Malawi 0.2291829 -0.113792877  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 36                  Tanzania 0.2318029 -0.091688720  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 37              Sierra Leone 0.2331000 -0.462290485  2002/2007  1992/1997
## 38              South Africa 0.2332833 -0.086650299  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 39                    France 0.2390226  0.048008359  1967/1972  1992/1997
## 40                     Benin 0.2416884 -0.097060368  1977/1982  1952/1957
## 41                 Guatemala 0.2432905 -0.119076742  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 42                    Sweden 0.2439057  0.012425846  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 43                  Pakistan 0.2452488  0.021158860  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 44                Costa Rica 0.2488027 -0.112056015  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 45                    Mexico 0.2560507 -0.096033438  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 46                   Liberia 0.2578650 -0.220092017  1987/1992  2002/2007
## 47               Netherlands 0.2610974  0.008977355  1952/1957  1977/1982
## 48                   Ecuador 0.2648419 -0.222951908  1972/1977  1997/2002
## 49                  Honduras 0.2661690 -0.031605271  1972/1977  1982/1987
## 50                   Reunion 0.2670215 -0.144196460  1962/1967  1972/1977
## 51                   Hungary 0.2673285 -0.188723306  1997/2002  1987/1992
## 52                    Uganda 0.2676127 -0.191372015  1992/1997  1977/1982
## 53                   Belgium 0.2679361  0.073676289  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 54                   Bahrain 0.2731417 -0.035766903  2002/2007  1982/1987
## 55                 Nicaragua 0.2776357 -0.367462007  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 56                   Lebanon 0.2815120 -0.296240090  1987/1992  1982/1987
## 57                   Iceland 0.2869267 -0.066069927  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 58                   Algeria 0.2881658 -0.153670480  1967/1972  1957/1962
## 59     Sao Tome and Principe 0.2923701 -0.197698169  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 60            Czech Republic 0.2976265 -0.123443743  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 61                    Turkey 0.2996566 -0.014139997  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 62                  Ethiopia 0.3032751 -0.265603758  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 63                  Paraguay 0.3109650 -0.109178789  1977/1982  1997/2002
## 64                    Poland 0.3127975 -0.147920940  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 65                      Peru 0.3130561 -0.300987194  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 66                   Finland 0.3147184 -0.023359678  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 67                 Sri Lanka 0.3166158 -0.010138536  2002/2007  1952/1957
## 68                     Italy 0.3192568  0.021510992  1957/1962  2002/2007
## 69        Dominican Republic 0.3242088 -0.005062371  1967/1972  1962/1967
## 70                 Venezuela 0.3266406 -0.153504313  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 71                     Sudan 0.3273791 -0.204545449  1972/1977  1982/1987
## 72                  Cameroon 0.3277670 -0.311027802  1977/1982  1987/1992
## 73                    Rwanda 0.3317418 -0.199607053  1997/2002  1992/1997
## 74                    Panama 0.3334887 -0.059139896  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 75                   Comoros 0.3336878 -0.394809786  1962/1967  1972/1977
## 76               Afghanistan 0.3410412 -0.238216231  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 77                Mozambique 0.3414274 -0.307066635  1997/2002  1972/1977
## 78                Mauritania 0.3459139 -0.056312479  1962/1967  1972/1977
## 79                    Kuwait 0.3517279 -0.470956158  1967/1972  1977/1982
## 80               Puerto Rico 0.3564625  0.025090831  1962/1967  2002/2007
## 81                     Syria 0.3663801 -0.171475613  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 82                     Chile 0.3693958 -0.134193178  1987/1992  1972/1977
## 83           Slovak Republic 0.3695005 -0.210911641  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 84                   Romania 0.3707016 -0.319490107  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 85                   Uruguay 0.3732963 -0.162860184  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 86          Hong Kong, China 0.3762186  0.064536144  1982/1987  1997/2002
## 87                     Egypt 0.3762265 -0.023344855  1972/1977  1987/1992
## 88                      Togo 0.3841204 -0.139662508  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 89                   Croatia 0.3907992 -0.388841123  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 90                  Slovenia 0.3907992 -0.238981169  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 91                    Serbia 0.3907992 -0.412441584  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 92                  Malaysia 0.3922824 -0.011504300  1992/1997  1952/1957
## 93                   Ireland 0.3965604  0.074621233  1992/1997  1952/1957
## 94                   Vietnam 0.4012784 -0.174763316  1992/1997  1962/1967
## 95                  Zimbabwe 0.4028942 -0.301068001  1967/1972  2002/2007
## 96                     India 0.4038546  0.033194766  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 97                     Spain 0.4038868  0.052070175  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 98                      Cuba 0.4112288 -0.257546818  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 99                Montenegro 0.4112585 -0.403082637  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 100                 Bulgaria 0.4140257 -0.235105039  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 101                 Portugal 0.4182539  0.026976235  1967/1972  2002/2007
## 102                  Tunisia 0.4248307 -0.049877003  1967/1972  1952/1957
## 103                  Germany 0.4260447  0.048427327  1952/1957  1992/1997
## 104            Guinea-Bissau 0.4400200 -0.277356101  1952/1957  1997/2002
## 105                  Austria 0.4408486  0.075952243  1952/1957  1992/1997
## 106                Mauritius 0.4408875 -0.021225185  1972/1977  1962/1967
## 107                  Albania 0.4419458 -0.332045244  1997/2002  1987/1992
## 108                 Mongolia 0.4461230 -0.236357710  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 109                Argentina 0.4525917 -0.197828527  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 110                   Brazil 0.4536177 -0.109747955  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 111                Indonesia 0.4573211 -0.102271334  1967/1972  1962/1967
## 112                   Jordan 0.4589422 -0.230119194  1977/1982  1967/1972
## 113              Yemen, Rep. 0.4668196 -0.046783447  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 114             Saudi Arabia 0.4694052 -0.370844060  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 115                     Chad 0.4738717 -0.296367998  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 116                Swaziland 0.4912587 -0.108365062  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 117                   Greece 0.4947356  0.055808489  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 118              Congo, Rep. 0.4971585 -0.139012509  1977/1982  1982/1987
## 119                  Lesotho 0.5010011 -0.029187219  1972/1977  1982/1987
## 120                    Japan 0.5231855 -0.007356635  1957/1962  1997/2002
## 121                   Israel 0.5233889  0.040642038  1967/1972  1972/1977
## 122                     Iraq 0.5338531 -0.678308300  1972/1977  1987/1992
## 123                   Taiwan 0.5365889  0.149880197  1967/1972  1997/2002
## 124              Korea, Rep. 0.5365921  0.032771620  1972/1977  1957/1962
## 125                  Myanmar 0.5450082 -0.100515464  2002/2007  1962/1967
## 126                 Thailand 0.5479157  0.010347840  1987/1992  1997/2002
## 127                  Eritrea 0.5672256 -0.162151642  1992/1997  1997/2002
## 128      Trinidad and Tobago 0.5713408 -0.189804853  2002/2007  1982/1987
## 129                    China 0.5898263 -0.153324611  2002/2007  1957/1962
## 130                     Iran 0.6276037 -0.360030807  1967/1972  1977/1982
## 131                  Jamaica 0.6410126 -0.105421764  1952/1957  1972/1977
## 132                  Nigeria 0.6740909 -0.204332948  1967/1972  1977/1982
## 133         Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.7268726 -0.546235106  1967/1972  1992/1997
## 134                Singapore 0.7273525  0.074691763  1967/1972  1997/2002
## 135                   Angola 0.7297996 -0.450303483  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 136                 Botswana 0.8635003  0.071247139  1967/1972  1957/1962
## 137   Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.8715214 -0.409663027  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 138                    Gabon 0.9071805 -0.304991331  1972/1977  1977/1982
## 139                 Cambodia 0.9122171 -0.194501344  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 140                     Oman 1.2491352  0.003694085  1967/1972  1997/2002
## 141        Equatorial Guinea 1.7370931 -0.265601581  1997/2002  1967/1972
## 142                    Libya 1.7782546 -0.322137576  1962/1967  1982/1987

By looking at the last several countries, we can see Oman, Equatorial Guinea and Libya attained relatively greatest increasing rate of GDP per Capita between 1967 and 1972, 1997 and 2002, and 1962 and 1967, respectively. We may wonder why this happens. By looking up on Google, we know several facts about these three countries: (1) Libya joined in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) in 1962; (2) A latge oil reserves was discovered in 1996 in Equotorial Guinea, and its subsequent exploitation has made Equatorial Guinea become one of sub-Saharan Africa’s largest oil producers; (3) Oil reserves in Oman were discovered in 1964 and extraction began in 1967; (4) The Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said has been the hereditary leader of Oman since 1970. These can be considered as possible explanations of the sudden increase in GDP per Captita of these countries.

Similarly, on the other hand, we can look at the opposite cases.

arrange(gdp.extreme.rate,min.rate)
##                      country  max.rate     min.rate max.period min.period
## 1                       Iraq 0.5338531 -0.678308300  1972/1977  1987/1992
## 2           Korea, Dem. Rep. 0.7268726 -0.546235106  1967/1972  1992/1997
## 3                     Kuwait 0.3517279 -0.470956158  1967/1972  1977/1982
## 4               Sierra Leone 0.2331000 -0.462290485  2002/2007  1992/1997
## 5                     Angola 0.7297996 -0.450303483  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 6                     Serbia 0.3907992 -0.412441584  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 7     Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.8715214 -0.409663027  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 8                 Montenegro 0.4112585 -0.403082637  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 9                    Comoros 0.3336878 -0.394809786  1962/1967  1972/1977
## 10                   Croatia 0.3907992 -0.388841123  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 11              Saudi Arabia 0.4694052 -0.370844060  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 12                 Nicaragua 0.2776357 -0.367462007  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 13        West Bank and Gaza 0.2055140 -0.364969955  1952/1957  1997/2002
## 14                      Iran 0.6276037 -0.360030807  1967/1972  1977/1982
## 15                   Albania 0.4419458 -0.332045244  1997/2002  1987/1992
## 16                     Libya 1.7782546 -0.322137576  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 17          Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.1605523 -0.319654701  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 18                   Romania 0.3707016 -0.319490107  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 19                  Cameroon 0.3277670 -0.311027802  1977/1982  1987/1992
## 20                Mozambique 0.3414274 -0.307066635  1997/2002  1972/1977
## 21                     Gabon 0.9071805 -0.304991331  1972/1977  1977/1982
## 22                  Zimbabwe 0.4028942 -0.301068001  1967/1972  2002/2007
## 23                      Peru 0.3130561 -0.300987194  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 24                      Chad 0.4738717 -0.296367998  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 25                   Lebanon 0.2815120 -0.296240090  1987/1992  1982/1987
## 26             Guinea-Bissau 0.4400200 -0.277356101  1952/1957  1997/2002
## 27                    Gambia 0.2253524 -0.268183982  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 28                   Burundi 0.1982415 -0.266874723  1972/1977  1992/1997
## 29                  Ethiopia 0.3032751 -0.265603758  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 30         Equatorial Guinea 1.7370931 -0.265601581  1997/2002  1967/1972
## 31                     Niger 0.1941809 -0.265380057  1957/1962  1982/1987
## 32                      Cuba 0.4112288 -0.257546818  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 33                  Slovenia 0.3907992 -0.238981169  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 34               Afghanistan 0.3410412 -0.238216231  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 35                  Mongolia 0.4461230 -0.236357710  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 36             Cote d'Ivoire 0.1869320 -0.235926121  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 37                  Bulgaria 0.4140257 -0.235105039  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 38                    Jordan 0.4589422 -0.230119194  1977/1982  1967/1972
## 39                   Ecuador 0.2648419 -0.222951908  1972/1977  1997/2002
## 40                   Liberia 0.2578650 -0.220092017  1987/1992  2002/2007
## 41           Slovak Republic 0.3695005 -0.210911641  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 42                   Bolivia 0.1905045 -0.205294368  1972/1977  1952/1957
## 43                     Sudan 0.3273791 -0.204545449  1972/1977  1982/1987
## 44                   Nigeria 0.6740909 -0.204332948  1967/1972  1977/1982
## 45                  Djibouti 0.2232287 -0.202821846  1967/1972  1992/1997
## 46               El Salvador 0.1598913 -0.202489573  1992/1997  1977/1982
## 47                     Haiti 0.1393879 -0.201153736  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 48                    Rwanda 0.3317418 -0.199607053  1997/2002  1992/1997
## 49                 Argentina 0.4525917 -0.197828527  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 50     Sao Tome and Principe 0.2923701 -0.197698169  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 51                  Cambodia 0.9122171 -0.194501344  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 52                    Uganda 0.2676127 -0.191372015  1992/1997  1977/1982
## 53       Trinidad and Tobago 0.5713408 -0.189804853  2002/2007  1982/1987
## 54                   Somalia 0.1565600 -0.188964092  1972/1977  1977/1982
## 55                   Hungary 0.2673285 -0.188723306  1997/2002  1987/1992
## 56                   Vietnam 0.4012784 -0.174763316  1992/1997  1962/1967
## 57                     Syria 0.3663801 -0.171475613  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 58                   Uruguay 0.3732963 -0.162860184  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 59                   Eritrea 0.5672256 -0.162151642  1992/1997  1997/2002
## 60               Philippines 0.2160955 -0.158891768  1952/1957  1982/1987
## 61                     Ghana 0.1939095 -0.157015811  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 62                Madagascar 0.1678145 -0.156291582  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 63                   Algeria 0.2881658 -0.153670480  1967/1972  1957/1962
## 64                 Venezuela 0.3266406 -0.153504313  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 65                     China 0.5898263 -0.153324611  2002/2007  1957/1962
## 66                    Poland 0.3127975 -0.147920940  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 67                   Reunion 0.2670215 -0.144196460  1962/1967  1972/1977
## 68                      Togo 0.3841204 -0.139662508  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 69               Congo, Rep. 0.4971585 -0.139012509  1977/1982  1982/1987
## 70                    Zambia 0.2232710 -0.138685612  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 71  Central African Republic 0.1115770 -0.137574254  1952/1957  1977/1982
## 72                     Chile 0.3693958 -0.134193178  1987/1992  1972/1977
## 73              Burkina Faso 0.1728797 -0.130272906  2002/2007  1972/1977
## 74                Bangladesh 0.2242745 -0.126115106  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 75            Czech Republic 0.2976265 -0.123443743  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 76                 Guatemala 0.2432905 -0.119076742  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 77                   Namibia 0.2104820 -0.118672691  1957/1962  1982/1987
## 78                    Malawi 0.2291829 -0.113792877  1992/1997  1987/1992
## 79                Costa Rica 0.2488027 -0.112056015  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 80                    Brazil 0.4536177 -0.109747955  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 81                  Paraguay 0.3109650 -0.109178789  1977/1982  1997/2002
## 82                 Swaziland 0.4912587 -0.108365062  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 83                   Jamaica 0.6410126 -0.105421764  1952/1957  1972/1977
## 84                 Indonesia 0.4573211 -0.102271334  1967/1972  1962/1967
## 85                   Myanmar 0.5450082 -0.100515464  2002/2007  1962/1967
## 86                      Mali 0.2039230 -0.099623655  1997/2002  1977/1982
## 87                     Benin 0.2416884 -0.097060368  1977/1982  1952/1957
## 88                    Mexico 0.2560507 -0.096033438  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 89                  Tanzania 0.2318029 -0.091688720  2002/2007  1977/1982
## 90              South Africa 0.2332833 -0.086650299  1962/1967  1982/1987
## 91                   Iceland 0.2869267 -0.066069927  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 92                    Guinea 0.1910688 -0.060283306  1957/1962  1982/1987
## 93                  Colombia 0.2187343 -0.059192475  1967/1972  1997/2002
## 94                    Panama 0.3334887 -0.059139896  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 95                Mauritania 0.3459139 -0.056312479  1962/1967  1972/1977
## 96                     Kenya 0.1781227 -0.053635496  1962/1967  1997/2002
## 97                   Senegal 0.1268968 -0.051203642  2002/2007  1987/1992
## 98                   Tunisia 0.4248307 -0.049877003  1967/1972  1952/1957
## 99               Yemen, Rep. 0.4668196 -0.046783447  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 100                  Morocco 0.2281764 -0.046071081  1972/1977  1957/1962
## 101                  Bahrain 0.2731417 -0.035766903  2002/2007  1982/1987
## 102              New Zealand 0.1601674 -0.033874881  1952/1957  1987/1992
## 103                 Honduras 0.2661690 -0.031605271  1972/1977  1982/1987
## 104                  Lesotho 0.5010011 -0.029187219  1972/1977  1982/1987
## 105                  Finland 0.3147184 -0.023359678  1967/1972  1987/1992
## 106                    Egypt 0.3762265 -0.023344855  1972/1977  1987/1992
## 107                Mauritius 0.4408875 -0.021225185  1972/1977  1962/1967
## 108                   Turkey 0.2996566 -0.014139997  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 109                 Malaysia 0.3922824 -0.011504300  1992/1997  1952/1957
## 110                   Canada 0.1941768 -0.010652193  1962/1967  1987/1992
## 111                Sri Lanka 0.3166158 -0.010138536  2002/2007  1952/1957
## 112              Switzerland 0.2155020 -0.007825763  1952/1957  1972/1977
## 113                    Japan 0.5231855 -0.007356635  1957/1962  1997/2002
## 114       Dominican Republic 0.3242088 -0.005062371  1967/1972  1962/1967
## 115                    Nepal 0.1574301 -0.002445288  1987/1992  1967/1972
## 116                     Oman 1.2491352  0.003694085  1967/1972  1997/2002
## 117              Netherlands 0.2610974  0.008977355  1952/1957  1977/1982
## 118                 Thailand 0.5479157  0.010347840  1987/1992  1997/2002
## 119                   Sweden 0.2439057  0.012425846  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 120                 Pakistan 0.2452488  0.021158860  2002/2007  1997/2002
## 121                    Italy 0.3192568  0.021510992  1957/1962  2002/2007
## 122              Puerto Rico 0.3564625  0.025090831  1962/1967  2002/2007
## 123                 Portugal 0.4182539  0.026976235  1967/1972  2002/2007
## 124              Korea, Rep. 0.5365921  0.032771620  1972/1977  1957/1962
## 125                    India 0.4038546  0.033194766  2002/2007  1967/1972
## 126            United States 0.2075799  0.038920838  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 127                   Israel 0.5233889  0.040642038  1967/1972  1972/1977
## 128           United Kingdom 0.1882560  0.046112092  1982/1987  1977/1982
## 129                   France 0.2390226  0.048008359  1967/1972  1992/1997
## 130                  Germany 0.4260447  0.048427327  1952/1957  1992/1997
## 131                  Denmark 0.2237595  0.051383780  1957/1962  1987/1992
## 132                    Spain 0.4038868  0.052070175  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 133                   Greece 0.4947356  0.055808489  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 134                Australia 0.1889871  0.062332249  1962/1967  1977/1982
## 135         Hong Kong, China 0.3762186  0.064536144  1982/1987  1997/2002
## 136                 Botswana 0.8635003  0.071247139  1967/1972  1957/1962
## 137                  Belgium 0.2679361  0.073676289  1967/1972  1982/1987
## 138                  Ireland 0.3965604  0.074621233  1992/1997  1952/1957
## 139                Singapore 0.7273525  0.074691763  1967/1972  1997/2002
## 140                  Austria 0.4408486  0.075952243  1952/1957  1992/1997
## 141                   Norway 0.2291738  0.076874173  1972/1977  1987/1992
## 142                   Taiwan 0.5365889  0.149880197  1967/1972  1997/2002

For the most extreme three cases, Iraq between 1987 and 1992, Korea(Dem.Rep.) between 1992 and 1997, and Kuwait between 1977 and 1982, we have the following facts from Google:(1) The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait; (2) The Asian financial crisis was a period of financial crisis that gripped much of East Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown due to financial contagion, and South Korea was one of the most affected countries in the crisis; (3) In the early 1980s, Kuwait experienced a major economic crisis after the Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash and decrease in oil price.

What’s more, we may also interested in some specific country, such as France and Thailand for example.

country.gdp = filter(gdp.rate.t, country == "France" | country == "Thailand")
p = ggplot(country.gdp, aes(x=period,y=rate, group=country))
p +geom_line(aes(colour = country))+geom_point()

From the plot, we can see for Thailand, there is a sudden increase in GDP per Capita during 1987 to 1992 (but I haven’t inspected any historical events as potential explanations). On the other hand, between 1997 and 2002, the increasing rate of GDP per Capita attained its minimum. This may due to the Asian financial contgion beginning at 1997. For France, we can see the increasing rate in GDP per Capita is relatively static but the rate is decreasing over years.

Discussion

In this part, I found it very interesting to first detect some patterns or characteristics within data by statistical methods and then try to explain such phenomenon from the context or subject matters. plyr::ddply is a very useful and flexible data manipulation tool. For further reference: plyr:ddply, and dplyr.